Methods based on the measurement of dye fluorescence (obtaining <

Methods based on the measurement of dye fluorescence (obtaining CP456773 side population, SP) or fluorescence of the fluorophore conjugated with a monoclonal

antibody directed against the specific CSC marker are used for isolation. A different method obtains morphologically miscellaneous clones by single cell cloning: holo-, mero- and paraclones. Tumor forming assay in NOD/SCID mice is a standard in vivo test that confirms the stem character of isolated cells. However, this model may not fully reflect the complexity of cancer illnesses in human beings. Solving the mystery of oncogenesis, including the existence of cancer stem cells, is undoubtedly one of the priorities of contemporary medicine that should contribute to the improvement of cancer therapy.”
“Chorioamnionitis is an important problem in perinatology today, leading to brain injury and neurological handicaps. However, there are almost no data available regarding chorioamnionitis and a specific damage of the cerebellum. Therefore, this study aimed at determining if chorioamnionitis causes cerebellar morphological alterations. Chorioamnionitis was induced in sheep by the intra-amniotic injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a gestational age (GA) of 110 days. At a GA of 140 days, we assessed the mean total and layer-specific volume and the mean total granule cell

(GCs) and Purkinje cell (PC) number in the cerebelli EPZ5676 solubility dmso of LPS-exposed and control animals using high-precision design-based stereology. Astrogliosis was assessed in the gray and white matter (WM) using a glial fibrillary acidic protein staining combined with gray value image analysis. The present study showed an unchanged volume of C59 mw the total cerebellum as well as the molecular layer, outer and inner granular cell layers (OGL and IGL, respectively), and WM. Interestingly,

compared with controls, the LPS-exposed brains showed a statistically significant increase (+20.4%) in the mean total number of GCs, whereas the number of PCs did not show any difference between the two groups. In addition, LPS-exposed animals showed signs of astrogliosis specifically affecting the IGL. Intra-amniotic injection of LPS causes morphological changes in the cerebellum of fetal sheep still detectable at full-term birth. In this study, changes were restricted to the inner granule layer. These cerebellar changes might correspond to some of the motor or non-motor deficits seen in neonates from compromised pregnancies.”
“Introduction. Asthma guidelines use symptoms as the most important aspect of asthma control. Symptom perception varies widely between individuals. Over-perception as well as underperception of bronchoconstriction could have a negative effect on asthma management. We hypothesized that perception of bronchoconstriction in childhood asthma is not related to common measures of disease control.

CONCLUSION: Circulatory risk profile is present in two thirds of

CONCLUSION: Circulatory risk profile is present in two thirds of formerly preeclamptic women. Metabolic syndrome, thrombophilia, and hyperhomocysteinemia are prevalent in 10-20%. There is considerable overlap between circulatory risk profile and other profiles, but not among the three other profiles. Prevalence of these risk factors, except thrombophilia, decreases with gestational age at delivery in preceding pregnancy. (Obstet Gynecol 2013;121:97-105) DOI: http://10.1097/AOG.0b013e318273764b”
“The changes in NADPH activity was studied in the roots of 3-4-day-old etiolated pea (cultivar Aksaiskii usatyi) seedlings depending on plant inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum

bv. viceae (strain CIAM 1026), adverse environmental factors (low temperature and high dose of a mineral nitrogen fertilizer), chemical substances (sodium nitroprusside and methyl viologen, or paraquat),

and a biotic factor-the bacterium Escherichia coli (strain XL-1Blue). learn more It was demonstrated that all exogenous factors increased the activity of microsomal NADPH oxidase. Rhizobial infection removed the activation caused by exogenous factors only in the case of high nitrogen content in the medium, thereby displaying an antagonistic effect. A synergistic action on the enzyme activity was observed in the variants with combined action of rhizobia + paraquat and rhizobia + E. coli. An increased NADPH oxidase activity coincided with a growth inhibition of pea seedling roots. The results are discussed from the standpoint of the roles of NADPH oxidase and reactive oxygen species in the legume-rhizobium symbiosis.”
“OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence, trends, and patterns in use

3-MA concentration of antidiabetic medications to treat hyperglycemia and insulin resistance before and during pregnancy in a large U. S. cohort BMS-777607 mouse of insured pregnant women.

METHODS: Pregnancies resulting in live births were identified (N=437,950) from 2001 to 2007 among 372,543 females 12-50 years of age at delivery from 10 health maintenance organizations participating in the Medication Exposure in Pregnancy Risk Evaluation Program. Information for these descriptive analyses, including all antidiabetic medications dispensed during this period, was extracted from electronic health records and newborn birth certificates.

RESULTS: A little more than 1% (1.21%) of deliveries were to women dispensed antidiabetic medication in the 120 days before pregnancy. Use of antidiabetic medications before pregnancy increased from 0.66% of deliveries in 2001 to 1.66% of deliveries in 2007 (P<.001) because of an increase in metformin use. Most women using metformin before pregnancy had a diagnosis code for polycystic ovaries or female infertility (67.2%), whereas only 13.6% had a diagnosis code for diabetes. The use of antidiabetic medications during the second or third trimester of pregnancy increased from 2.8% of deliveries in 2001 to 3.6% in 2007 (P<.001).

Finally, we provide evidence that Arabidopsis DNA ligase I (LIG1)

Finally, we provide evidence that Arabidopsis DNA ligase I (LIG1) is required for both SN- and LP-BER. lig1 RNAi-silenced lines show very reduced uracil BER, and anti-LIG1 antibody abolishes repair in wild-type cell extracts. In contrast, knockout lig4(-/-) mutants exhibit normal BER and nick ligation levels. Our results suggest that a branched BER pathway completed by a member of the DNA ligase

I family may be an ancient feature in eukaryotic species.”
“This study aims to determine the current practices and beliefs of United Kingdom (UK)-based rheumatologists and orthopedic surgeons (OS) in managing septic arthritis (SA) and to determine awareness levels of national guidance. Two-hundred OS and 200 rheumatologists selleckchem were sent a link to a web-based survey tool via email. Questions posed related to the management of SA, including the respondent’s views on antibiotic therapy, joint drainage, which specialty should manage these cases, and also the clinician’s evidence base. There were 354 functioning addresses with 182 responses (51%). One hundred fifty-one (77 OS, 74 rheumatologists) (43%) responses were complete and included for analysis. Eighty percent of rheumatologists and 82% of OS recommended 6-weeks total antibiotic therapy. Seventy-three percent in each group recommended 1-2 weeks intravenous therapy

initially followed by oral continuation Vorinostat therapy. In patients at risk of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 25% rheumatologists and 14% OS would ensure MRSA cover.

Seventy-seven percent of rheumatologists and 66% of OS recommended surgical joint drainage; 22% and 27%, respectively, recommended repeated closed needle aspiration as their chosen method of joint drainage. Sixty-six percent of rheumatologists and 65% of OS believed OS should manage SA. Twenty-three percent of rheumatologists and 22% of OS quoted published guidance as their main evidence base in the treatment of SA. Only 24% of rheumatologists and 34% of OS quoted British Society of Rheumatology see more (BSR) guidance when asked if they were aware of any guidelines. Views of rheumatologists and OS are not that dissimilar in managing SA. Surprisingly, rheumatologists are more aggressive regarding the recommendation for surgical joint drainage. Within both groups, significant variation in management principles exists often discrepant to recommendations laid out by the BSR. There are poor awareness levels of the BSR guidelines.”
“Background: Previous imaging studies have suggested links between brain pathologies and factors that are associated with falls such as gait, balance and daily function. Possible neuropathological correlates of older people’s falls have been suggested based on brain imaging studies, but to date none have been examined in brain tissue.

Ever-increasing numbers of individuals with HIV receiving medicat

Ever-increasing numbers of individuals with HIV receiving medication for HIV infection are presenting to plastic surgeons and requesting reconstructive surgery to counteract the unwanted side effects of their treatment protocols, for example facial lipoatrophy. The authors show their results with a one-step Selleckchem 4EGI-1 rehabilitation in cases of facial lipoatrophy using an injectable calcium hydroxylapatite dermal filler mixed with local anesthetic and adrenaline.

Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted as a clinical prospective study; 26 individuals with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy and with facial lipoatrophy received injections

of an injectable calcium hydroxylapatite dermal filler mixed with local anesthetic and adrenaline.

ResultsNo major complications were registered. A stable result was observed in all the cases at the end of follow-up (3months). High patient satisfaction was achieved in all cases.

ConclusionThe outcomes of this study confirm that calcium hydroxylapatite Copanlisib price dermal filler safely and effectively ameliorates

the appearance of patients with HIV-related facial lipoatrophy, and mixing it with local anaesthetic and adrenaline can reduce pain during injection and ecchymosis.”
“Aliphatic polyamines (PM) are involved in the delay or prevention of plant senescence, but the molecular mechanism is not clarified. The hypothesis is put forward that one of the mechanisms by which PAs modulate leaf senescence and chlorophyll stabilisation could be due to their modification of chlorophyll-bound

proteins, catalysed by transglutaminase (TGase, R-glutaminylpeptide-amine gamma-glutamyltransferase; E.C. 2.3.2.13). The retardation of leaf senescence of Lactuca sativa L by spermine (Spm) was examined during induced cell death using leaf discs, or during the normal developmental PARP inhibitor senescence of leaves. Over 3 days, in leaf discs. Spm caused a delay of chlorophyll (Chl) decay, an increase of endogenous TGase activity, and a three-fold increase in chlorophyll content when supplied together with exogenous TGase. Spm was conjugated, via TGase, mainly to 22-30 kDa proteins. Long-term experiments over 5 days showed a general decrease in all three parameters with or without Spm. When leaves remained on the plants, Spm-sprayed leaves showed an increase in free Spm 1 h after spraying, mainly in the young leaves, whereas over longer periods (15 days) there was an increase in perchloric acid-soluble and -insoluble Spm metabolites. In senescing leaves, Spm prevented degradation of chlorophyll b and some proteins, and increased TGase activity, producing more PA-protein conjugates. Spm was translocated to chloroplasts and bound mainly onto fractions enriched in PSII, but also those enriched in PSI, whose light-harvesting complexes (LHC) sub-fractions contained TGase. Spm was conjugated by TGase mainly to LHCII, more markedly in the light.

38; 95% CI: 0 19, 0 54)

Conclusion: Our survey instru

38; 95% CI: 0.19, 0.54).

Conclusion: Our survey instrument demonstrated fair-to-good test-retest reliability for most self-reported risk selleck products factors for melanoma, indicating the suitability of these items for developing risk prediction tools in the future. (c) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Two

chromatographic methods were developed for analysis of diiodohydroxyquinoline (DIHQ) and metronidazole (MTN). In the first method, diiodohydroxyquinoline and metronidazole were separated on TLC silica gel 60F254 plate using chloroform: acetone: glacial acetic acid (7.5: 2.5: 0.1, by volume) as mobile phase. The obtained bands were then scanned at 254 nm. The second method is a RP-HPLC method in which diiodohydroxyquinoline and metronidazole were separated on a reversed-phase C18 column using water : methanol (60 :40, V/V, PH=3.6)as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.7 mL.min(-1) and UV detection at 220 nm. The mentioned methods were successfully used for determination of diiodohydroxyquinoline and metronidazole in pure form and in their pharmaceutical formulation.”
“Purpose of review

The mid-gestation fetus is capable of regenerative healing with wound healing indistinguishable from

surrounding skin. This review aims to evaluate the current knowledge of how the mid-gestation fetus heals without scar and the implications INCB018424 research buy of these findings in efforts to recapitulate the fetal regenerative phenotype in the postnatal environment.

Recent findings

It

has been over 30 years since the empirical observation that the fetus heals without scar; yet, the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon have not been elucidated. Fetal wound healing is characterized by a distinct growth factor profile, an attenuated inflammatory response with an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile, an extracellular matrix rich in type III collagen and hyaluronan, attenuated biomechanical stress, and a potential role for stem cells. Current therapies to minimize scarring in postnatal wounds have attempted to recapitulate singular aspects of the fetal regenerative phenotype and have CT99021 met with varying degrees of clinical success. We now have the molecular tools to more completely comprehend the fundamental mechanisms of fetal regenerative wound repair, which has the potential to provide insights into the identification of therapeutic targets to minimize the scar formation.

Summary

Successful therapies that help minimize postnatal scar formation can be realized through understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of fetal regenerative wound healing. These insights will have implications not only for cutaneous wound healing, but also potentially for any disease process characterized by excessive fibroplasia.

Ferulic acid inhibited CDV replicative cycle at the times 0 and 1

Ferulic acid inhibited CDV replicative cycle at the times 0 and 1 h. Our study revealed promising candidates to be considered in the treatment of CDV. Structural differences among compounds and correlation to their antiviral activity were also explored. Our analysis suggest that these compounds could be useful in order to design new antiviral drugs against CDV as well as other viruses

of great meaning in veterinary medicine. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Painful ophthalmoplegia is a rare pathologic condition caused by non-specific inflammation of the cavernous sinus, but other causes such as tumours, vasculitis, basal meningitis, neurosarcoidosis, diabetes can be responsible for the syndrome. Aim of this study is a review of the cases of painful ophthalmoplegia AZD7762 cell line admitted to our Institute in the last 20 years in order to verify the incidence of symptomatic versus benign forms in a clinical case series, with

particular focus on the cases in which a long term (at least 4 years) and detailed follow-up did not revealed spread of any systemic disease or other presumed causes for painful ophthalmoplegia. Twenty-three patients were retrospectively studied, 12 patients (52%) were classified as benign forms and their disease course was again evaluated and 11 cases (48%) were designated as symptomatic. The present study suggests that in the clinical practice the incidence click here of benign forms among the painful ophthalmoplegias is more elevate than the symptomatic ones and underlines the need of a specific nosography for benign forms.”
“NMR experiments on two kinds of Ce-based superconductors with noncentrosymmetry in the crystal structures were performed. They are CePt(3)Si and CeIr(0.65)Co(0.35)Si(3) with 0.75 and 0.55 K of T(c)’s, respectively. By annealing of the crushed sample, CePt(3)Si recovers two distinct phases, which are coexistent in the crystal, and one of two phases gets the improved

characters of single crystal. The angular dependence of an aligned axis and an applied magnetic field exhibits that the internal field must be parallel to the c-axis at Si site below T(N), which appears to be inconsistent with the results obtained by the neutron diffraction. On the other hand, a CeIr(0.65)Co(0.35)Si(3) sample with noncentrosymmetry also shows a clear Meissner diamagnetization at 0.55 buy AZD8055 K under an ambient pressure and yields a clear Co NMR spectrum with an electric quadrupole splitting. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3365059]“
“Mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) delink ATP production from biofuel oxidation in mitochondria to reduce oxidative stress. UCP2 is expressed in brain, and has neuroprotective effects under various toxic insults. We observed induction of UCP2 expression by leptin in neuronal cultures, and hypothesize that leptin may preserve neuronal survival via UCP2.


“BACKGROUND: In order to improve the performance of a coun


“BACKGROUND: In order to improve the performance of a counter-current bubble column, radial variations of the gas hold-ups and mean hold-ups were investigated in a 0.160 m i.d. bubble

column using electrical resistance tomography with two axial locations (Plane 1 and Plane 2). In all experiments the liquid phase was tap water and the gas phase air. The superficial gas velocity was varied from 0.02 to 0.25 m s(-1), and the liquid velocity varied from 0 to 0.01 m s(-1). The effect of liquid velocity HDAC inhibitor on the distribution of mean hold-ups and radial gas hold-ups is discussed.

RESULTS: The gas hold-up profile in a gas-liquid counter-current bubble column was determined by electrical resistance tomography. The liquid velocity slightly influences the mean hold-up and radial hold-up distribution under the selected operating conditions and the liquid flow improves the transition gas velocity from a homogeneous

regime to a heterogeneous regime. Meanwhile, the radial gas hold-up profiles are steeper at the central region of the column with increasing gas velocity. Moreover, the gas hold-up in the centre of the column becomes steeper with increasing liquid velocity.

CONCLUSIONS: The value of mean gas hold-ups slightly increases with increasing Selleck HIF inhibitor downward liquid velocity, and more than mean gas hold-ups in batch and co-current operation. According to the experimental results, an empirical correlation for the centreline gas hold-up is obtained based on the effects of gas velocity, liquid velocity, and ratio of axial height to column diameter. The values calculated in this way are in close agreement with experimental data, and compare with literature data on gas hold-ups at the centre of the column. (C) 2010 Society AZD1480 molecular weight of Chemical Industry”
“Background and objective: The assessment of static lung volumes and airway resistance is a frequently performed diagnostic procedure and considered as an important tool in medical surveillance to detect pulmonary diseases. The objectives of the study are to establish reference equations for body plethysmographic parameters in a representative adult population across a wide age

range and to compare the normative values from this sample with previous ones.

Methods: Body plethysmography was applied in 1809 participants (885 males) of a cross-sectional, population-based survey (Study of Health in Pomerania). Individuals with cardiopulmonary disorders and/or a pack-year smoking history >10 years and participants with a body mass index >30 kg/m(2) were excluded. In total, 686 healthy individuals (275 males) aged 25-85 years were assessed.

Results: Prediction equations for both genders were established by quantile regression analysis taking into account the influence of age, height and weight.

Conclusions: The study provides a novel set of prediction equations for static lung volumes and airway resistance obtained using body plethysmography.

Three months after the operation, gastrointestinal endoscopy show

Three months after the operation, gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a healed oesophageal ulcer, and the patient was discharged uneventfully.”
“Objective: To study whether regenerated

electrospun silk fibroin (SF) nanofibers as nerve conduits could improve nerve regeneration microenvironment and induce the facial nerve regeneration of Sprague-Dawley rats.

Design: Electrospun SF nanofibers were prepared to bridge a 5-mm facial nerve defect in Sprague-Dawley rats. Three months after implantation, a comprehensive morphologic and functional evaluation was performed by electrophysiology, histology, Fluorogold retrograde tracing, and transmission electron micrograph.

Results: The SF nanofiber tube exhibited good biocompatibility in vivo, and no distinct regional inflammation response and scar formation was observed. After 3 months of operation, the morphologic

and ATM/ATR inhibitor review functional investigation has shown a positive evaluation on the nerve repair outcome elicited by SF nanofiber graft and autograft.

Conclusion: Electrospun SF grafts could promote selleck chemicals nerve regeneration after facial nerve injury and become a potential possibility of newly developed nerve grafts as an alternative of autografts to peripheral nerve regeneration.”
“Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) often present changes in nutritional status. Based on weight toss and on difficulty in nutritional management, this study aims to review the different possibilities and to present guidelines concerning nutritional treatment to such patients. Diet characteristics, types of treatment and nutritional therapy indicating administration routes and discussing the details of the disease are described herein. Nutritional therapy has been a substantial therapeutic resource for ALS development.”
“Studies on the association between single foods or nutrients and colorectal cancer have provided inconsistent results. Previous reviews did not conduct a quantitative synthesis of the relation with dietary MLN4924 nmr patterns. We conducted a systematic

review and meta-analysis of studies addressing the association between dietary patterns and colorectal cancer. Studies quantifying the association between dietary patterns (defined a posteriori) and colorectal cancer were identified in PubMed (until 01.08.2010) and through backward and forward citation tracking (ISI Web of Science and Scopus). Summary relative risk (RR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were computed for highest versus lowest levels of exposure, for colon cancer (CC) and rectal cancer (RC), and for proximal and distal CC, by random effects meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was quantified using the I(2) statistic. Eight cohort and eight case-control studies defining patterns through principal components and factor analyses were included in the systematic review.

The lesion was resected The clinical history and histological sp

The lesion was resected. The clinical history and histological specimens led to a diagnosis of foreign body granuloma surrounding the nonabsorbed resorbable plate in the dura mater. Resorbable plates are clearly useful resources in cases in which delayed absorption will not prove problematic, but careful application and follow-up

is required when dealing with the growing skull given the possibility of intracranial displacement after PIT.”
“Background: Many surgeons avoid the damage-control techniques of intrathoracic packing and temporary chest wall closure after thoracotomy for trauma because of concerns about packing’s effects on intrathoracic pressure and infectious risks. HM781-36B We hypothesized that temporary chest closure with or without intrathoracic packing (TCC-P) as a method of thoracic damage control would yield higher than expected survival rates for trauma thoracotomy patients with metabolic exhaustion, whereas traditional definitive chest closure (DEF) would exhibit predicted survival rates.

Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study by two urban Level I trauma centers on patients who (1) underwent emergent TH-302 clinical trial thoracotomy

for trauma, (2) received >= 10 units (U) packed red blood cells and/or sustained a cardiac arrest before starting chest closure, and (3) survived to intensive care unit arrival. Demographic/physiologic data, chest closure method, and thoracic complications were gathered. Trauma injury severity scores (TRISS) were used to calculate survival probability for TCC-P and DEF. Nonparametric statistics were used for all comparisons. All values are expressed as medians and interquartile ranges (IQR).

Results: Sixty-one patients met inclusion criteria. Both TCC-P (n = 17) and DEF (n = 44) were severely injured (ISS = 35 [IQR, 25-42] vs. 29 [IQR 19-45] and packed red blood cells = 16.5 U [IQR, 12.3-25.5 U] vs. 15 U [IQR, 11-23 U], respectively; p = ns). Patient demographics were similar except for the findings that the TCC-P cohort had higher rates of cardiac arrest before starting chest closure (TCC-P

82% vs. DEF 48%, p = 0.04), significantly more severe abdominal injuries, and less severe head injuries than the DEF group. No significant differences were observed in survival of the GSK3235025 overall samples (TCC-P = 47% vs. DEF = 57%), nor for observed: expected (O:E) survival ratio in 13 patients with TCC-P and 30 with DEF meeting criteria for TRISS calculation (TCC-P O: E, 46%: 39%; DEF O:E, 53%: 57%). No significant differences were found for TCC-P and DEF thoracic infectious (24% vs. 25%) or hemorrhagic (18% vs. 14%) complications. Surprisingly, peak inspiratory pressures on intensive care unit arrival were markedly better after TCC-P (20 cm H(2)O [IQR, 18-31 cm H(2)O]) than after DEF (32.5 cm H(2)O [IQR, 28-37.5 cm H(2)O], p = 0.003).

The CO2 gas permeation behavior of the three semi-IPNs was studie

The CO2 gas permeation behavior of the three semi-IPNs was studied using a CO2 feed pressure ranging from 1 to 30 atm.

The gas separation properties were mainly explained attending to the density of the films, which depended on the dicyanate content used. In the three catalyzed semi-IPNs, the CO2 permeability coefficients remained almost constant all along the investigated range of CO2 pressure while Matrimid(R) treated at 180 degrees C did show a clear tendency to plasticization over a critical feed pressure of about 17 bar. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012″
“The development of modern and affordable sequencing technologies has allowed the study of viral populations to an unprecedented depth. This is of particular interest for the study of within-host RNA viral populations, Duvelisib clinical trial where variation due to error-prone polymerases can lead to immune escape,

BKM120 mw antiviral resistance and adaptation to new host species. Methods to sequence RNA virus genomes include reverse transcription (RT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RT-PCR is a molecular biology technique widely used to amplify DNA from an RNA template. The method itself relies on the in vitro synthesis of copy DNA from RNA followed by multiple cycles of DNA amplification. However, this method introduces artefactual errors that can act as confounding factors when the sequence data are analysed. Although there are a growing number of published studies exploring the intra-and inter-host evolutionary dynamics of RNA viruses, the complexity of the methods used to generate sequences makes it difficult to produce probabilistic statements about the likely sources of observed sequence variants. This complexity is further compounded as both the depth of sequencing and the length of the genome segment of interest increase. Here we develop a Bayesian method to characterise and differentiate between likely structures for the background viral population. This approach can then be used to identify Selleckchem Autophagy inhibitor nucleotide sites that show evidence of change in the within-host viral population

structure, either over time or relative to a reference sequence ( e. g. an inoculum or another source of infection), or both, without having to build complex evolutionary models. Identification of these sites can help to inform the design of more focussed experiments using molecular biology tools, such as site-directed mutagenesis, to assess the function of specific amino acids. We illustrate the method by applying to datasets from experimental transmission of equine influenza, and a pre-clinical vaccine trial for HIV-1.”
“The understanding of complex radiation responses in biological systems, such as non-targeted effects as represented by the bystander response, can be enhanced by the use of genetically amenable model organisms.