Dermoscopic examination revealed amorphous milky white areas
<

Dermoscopic examination revealed amorphous milky white areas

that corresponded to the pathological findings of luminal deposition of the tumor.”
“Bipolar disorders are common, disabling, recurrent mental health conditions of variable severity. Onset is often in late childhood or early adolescence. Patients with bipolar disorders BMS-777607 chemical structure have higher rates of other mental health disorders and general medical conditions. Early recognition and treatment of bipolar disorders improve outcomes. Treatment of mood episodes depends on the presenting phase of illness: mania, hypomania, mixed state, depression, or maintenance. Psychotherapy and mood stabilizers, such as lithium, anticonvulsants, and antipsychotics, are first-line treatments that should be continued indefinitely because of the risk of relapse. Monotherapy with antidepressants is contraindicated in mixed states, manic episodes, and bipolar I disorder. Maintenance therapy for patients involves screening for suicidal ideation and substance β-Nicotinamide abuse, evaluating adherence to treatment, and recognizing metabolic complications of pharmacotherapy. Active management of body weight reduces complications and improves lipid control. Patients and their support systems should be educated about mood relapse, suicidal ideation, and the effectiveness of early intervention to reduce complications. (Am Fam Physician. 2012;85(5):483-493. Copyright

(C) 2012 American Academy of Family Physicians.)”
“Background and Purpose: Flexible working angles and fine optical visualization are major requisite factors in performing laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) urologic procedures. Multiple mechanical design approaches have been used to develop deflectable laparoscopes for LESS procedures. We compared the optical characteristics of three such devices selleck chemical using a bench top approach to simulate LESS in straight and deflected positions.

Materials and Methods: A 10-mm fixed-rod rotating lens device

(Storz EndoCameleon) and two 5-mm articulating devices (Olympus EndoEye and Stryker IdealEye) were compared using standard industry testing protocols for image resolution (United States Air Force-1951 test target), distortion (multifrequency grid distortion target), and color reproducibility (Gretag Macbeth color checker).

Results: The 10-mmfixed-rod rotating lens system demonstrated the highest image resolution (5.04 line pairs/mm), but also the highest distortion (22.8%). Among the 5-mm flexible articulating laparoscopes, resolution was superior with the Olympus EndoEye (4.00 line pairs/mm) compared with the Stryker IdealEye (3.17 line pairs/mm). Distortion (7.0%) and color reproduction (1.18) were superior with the IdealEye vs the EndoEye (18.8 %, 1.27). Laparoscope deflection resulted in attenuation of resolution by 11% with both articulating models, but not with the fixed rod system.

0%, 0 0%, 0 0% and 3 9% for the Taipei metropolitan area, and the

0%, 0.0%, 0.0% and 3.9% for the Taipei metropolitan area, and the north, middle Selleckchem ERK inhibitor and the combined south and east region, respectively; the probability became 0.6%, 0.0%, 1.3% and 54.5%, respectively, at a WTP of $NT5000000 ($US270000). After co-variate adjustments, the probabilities were 0.0%, 0.0%, 0.0% and 0.8%, respectively at a WTP of $NT 1500 000, and were

0.0%, 0.0%, 1.4% and 34.7% at $NT5000000. Sensitivity analyses showed that CEF potentially could have been more cost effective than CMF within a reasonable range of societal WTP (i.e. $NT 1000 000-3 000 000 or $US55 000-160 000) had the optimal dosage level for CEF been established for breast cancer patients in Taiwan.

Conclusions: A population-based, fully integrated electronic health information system provides useful data to assess the cost effectiveness of competing treatments and interventions in current practice. This research may potentially inform policy makers of modifications that can be instituted to improve the cost effectiveness of a new therapy. However, findings from this study need to be interpreted with caution because the study provided information only on the short-term cost effectiveness (i.e. 3 years) of CEF compared with CMF. It is possible that a future analysis will reach a different conclusion

AG-881 mw when more years of follow-up data become available.”
“Background: Inadequate dialysis is still a major cause of technique

failure in peritoneal dialysis (PD). Mathematical models provide the possibility of direct and precise assessment of peritoneal transport of urea and creatinine throughout the dwell and allow calculation of optimal schedules, dwell times, and predicted adequacy of a prescribed regimen. Kinetic modeling is particularly important for automated PD. If the effectiveness of uremic toxin removal that takes place during infusion and drainage of dialysis fluid is not taken into account, the predicted adequacy of the whole PD session may be underestimated.

Aims: To estimate the efficacy of urea and creatinine Lonafarnib mw removal during the dialysis fluid exchange procedure.

Material and Methods: 17 patients treated with PD were included in the study. PD effectiveness during dialysate exchange was defined as the quotient k of removed amount of creatinine/BUN during the infusion and drainage of dialysate and during a dwell of the same duration as the dialysate exchange.

Results: The effectiveness of creatinine and urea removal was reduced during the exchange procedure (k(creat) = 0.68 +/- 0.43 and k(BUN) = 0.87 +/- 0.44) and differed between these 2 solutes (p = 0.0009). The k coefficients for urea and creatinine were well correlated (R(2) = 0.83).

Major features of DM are replicated in our model, including muscl

Major features of DM are replicated in our model, including muscle defects and splicing abnormalities. We found that the absence of mbnl2 causes disruption to the organization of myofibrils in skeletal and heart muscle of zebrafish embryos, and

a reduction in the amount of both slow and fast muscle fibres. Notably, our findings included altered splicing patterns of two transcripts whose expression is also altered in DM patients: clcn1 and tnnt2. The studies described herein provide broader insight into the functions of MBNL2. They also lend support to the hypothesis that the sequestration of this protein is an important determinant in DM pathophysiology, and imply a direct role of MBNL2 in splicing regulation of specific transcripts, which, when altered, contributes to the DM phenotype.”
“The aim of this study was to determine Selumetinib price the reoperation rate

for sling placement or revision in patients who had primary continence procedures based on prolapse reduction stress testing (RST) prior to laparoscopic sacral colpoperineopexy (LSCP).

This was a retrospective cohort study of women who had RST prior to LSCP for symptomatic pelvic selleck products organ prolapse. Patients with positive test (Pos RST) had a concomitant midurethral sling procedure and those with negative test (Neg RST) did not. Variables were compared with either Student’s t test or Fisher’s exact test.

In Neg RST group (n = 70), the rate of surgery for de novo urodynamic stress incontinence was 18.6%. In Pos RST group

(n = 82), the rate of sling revision for bladder outlet obstruction was 7.3%. Overall, 88% of patients did not require a second surgery.

The use of RST to recommend concomitant continence procedures during LSCP results in a single surgery for the majority of our ML323 patients.”
“Introduction and objectives: The Working Group on Cardiac Catheterization and Interventional Cardiology presents on a yearly basis a report on the data collected for the national registry. This information displays how procedures are distributed throughout Spain and makes comparisons with other countries feasible.

Methods: Institutions render their data voluntarily (online) and they are analyzed by the Working Group’s steering committee.

Results: Data was sent by 113 hospitals (71 public and 41 private) that treat mainly adults, reporting 135 486 diagnostic procedures, 119 118 of them coronary angiograms, slightly less than the year before, and with a rate of 2945 coronary angiograms per million inhabitants. Percutaneous coronary interventions increased a bit, to 64 331 procedures and a rate of 1398 interventions per million. Of 100 371 stents implanted, 61.3% were drug-eluting stents. In the acute phase of myocardial infarction, 14 248 coronary interventions were carried out, 6% more than in 2009 and 22% of the total number of coronary interventions.

Note that cortical thickness is known to be discriminative for ne

Note that cortical thickness is known to be discriminative for neurological disorders, so leveraging such information in an inference framework, especially within a multi-modal method, is potentially advantageous. But despite being clinically meaningful, relatively few works have successfully

exploited this measure for classification or regression. Motivated by these applications, our paper presents novel techniques to compute similarity matrices for such topologically-based attributed data. Our ideas leverage recent developments to characterize signals (e. g., cortical thickness) motivated by the persistence of their topological features, leading to a scheme for simple constructions of kernel matrices. As a proof of principle, on a dataset selleck chemical of 356 subjects from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative study, we report good performance on several statistical inference tasks without any feature selection, dimensionality reduction, or parameter tuning.”
“As an alternative treatment for chronic back pain due to disc degeneration motion preserving techniques such as posterior dynamic stabilization (PDS) has been clinically introduced,

with the intention to alter the load transfer and the kinematics at the affected level to delay degeneration. However, up to the present, it remains unclear when a PDS is clinically indicated and how the ideal PDS mechanism should be designed to achieve this goal. Therefore, the objective of this study was to Androgen Receptor Antagonists compare different PDS devices FK866 solubility dmso against rigid fixation to investigate the biomechanical impact of PDS design on stabilization and load transfer in the treated and adjacent cranial segment. Six human lumbar spine specimens (L3-L5) were tested in a spine loading apparatus. In vitro flexibility testing was performed by applying pure bending moments of 7.5 Nm without and with additional preload of 400 N in the three principal motion planes. Four PDS devices, “”DYN”" (Dynesys(A (R)), Zimmer GmbH, Switzerland), “”DSS (TM) aEuroe (Paradigm

Spine, Wurmlingen, Germany), and two prototypes of dynamic rods, “”LSC”" with a leaf spring, and “”STC”" with a spring tube (Aesculap AG, Tuttlingen, Germany), were tested in comparison to a rigid fixation device S(4) (Aesculap AG, Tuttlingen, Germany) “”RIG”", to the native situation “”NAT”" and to a defect situation “”DEF”" of the specimens. The instrumented level was L4-L5. The tested PDS devices comprising a stiffness range for axial stiffness of 10 N/mm to 230 N/mm and for bending stiffness of 3 N/mm to 15 N/mm. Range of motion (ROM), neutral zone (NZ), and intradiscal pressure (IDP) were analyzed for all instrumentation steps and load cases of the instrumented and non-instrumented level. In flexion, extension, and lateral bending, all systems, except STC, showed a significant reduction of ROM and NZ compared to the native situation (p < 0.05).

05), and NDF and CP disappearance rates were increased when anima

05), and NDF and CP disappearance rates were increased when animals were fed the SBP13 diet. No significant differences were observed for pH, ammonia concentration, or total or individual VFA in the ruminal liquor of sheep at different sampling times after feeding (P > 0.23) in response to vinasse addition. Experiment 4 was designed

to Etomoxir research buy study digestibility, solid passage rate, and excretion of purine derivatives from 12 Merino ewes fed SBP0 and SBP13. Digestibility of NDF tended to be greater (P < 0.10) for the SBP13 group compared with the SBP0 group; digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, and ADF were not affected (P > 0.11). Digesta flow kinetics and urinary excretion of purine derivatives were not significantly affected by the presence (SBP13) or absence (SBP0) of vinasse in the diet (P > 0.21). In conclusion, sheep showed a clear preference for SBP with vinasse. However, the lack of significant differences in most of the in vivo variables

measured indicates that ewes can be satisfactorily fed with any of the amounts of vinasse inclusion studied.”
“Vulcanized AZ 628 datasheet natural rubber (NR) under quiescent thermal oxidation aging and high temperature fatigue loading with small strain amplitude was investigated by the infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy measurements. IR results demonstrated the thermal oxidation degradation process of vulcanized NR at 85 degrees C. During high temperature fatigue loading, nanoscale cracks and voids that are generated by the combined impact of thermal oxidation and cyclic loading were detected. Further investigation suggests that the nucleation effect

of dissolved vapor and gas in the low molecular weight domains of the NR under fatigue loading accounts for the appearance https://www.selleckchem.com/products/BIBF1120.html of nanocracks. This work provides some new insight into the crack initiation mechanism of NR during high temperature fatigue loading, which has not been clearly understood. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012″
“The reaction between a graphene sheet and an incident hydrogen atom was clarified through a classical molecular dynamics simulation based on the modified Brenner’s reactive empirical bond order potential under the NVE condition, in which the number of particles (N), volume (V), and total energy (E) are conserved. The energy dependence of three types of reaction (i.e., adsorption, reflection, and penetration) for the oblique injection of a hydrogen atom into a graphene sheet was investigated. The reaction depends on the energy and two angular parameters, namely, the polar angle theta and the azimuthal angle phi of the incident hydrogen atom. The reflection and adsorption rates were found to strongly depend on theta. This dependence is caused by the three-dimensional structure of small potential barriers that cover adsorption sites (i.e.

After evaluation of myocardial contraction, hearts were excised a

After evaluation of myocardial contraction, hearts were excised at 2, 10, 40, and 60 days for investigation of vasculopathy, gene expression, enzymatic activities, and mitochondrial respiration. Gene expression studies

identified a gene cluster coding for subunits of the mitochondrial electron transport chain regulated in response to CI and CR. Myocardial performance, Sapitinib concentration mitochondrial function, and mitochondrial marker enzyme activities declined in all allografts with time after transplantation. These declines were more rapid and severe in CI allografts (CR-CI) and correlated well with progression of vasculopathy and fibrosis. Mitochondria related gene expression and mitochondrial function are substantially compromised with the progression of CR and show that CI impacts on progression, gene profile, and mitochondrial function of CR. Monitoring mitochondrial function and enzyme activity

might allow for earlier detection of CR and cardiac allograft dysfunction.”
“CLAVATA1 (CLV1), CLV2, CLV3, CORYNE (CRN), BAM1 and BAM2 are key regulators that function at the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of plants to promote differentiation by limiting the size of the organizing center that maintains stem cell identity in neighboring cells. Previous results have indicated that the extracellular domain of the receptor kinase CLV1 binds to the CLV3-derived CLE ligand. The biochemical role of the receptor-like protein CLV2 has remained largely unknown. Although genetic analysis suggested that CLV2, together with the membrane kinase CRN, acts in

parallel with CLV1, recent studies using transient expression indicated AG-881 molecular weight LY3023414 that CLV2 and CRN from a complex with CLV1. Here, we report detection of distinct CLV2-CRN heteromultimeric and CLV1-BAM multimeric complexes in transient expression in tobacco and in Arabidopsis meristems. Weaker interactions between the two complexes were detectable in transient expression. We also find that CLV2 alone generates a membrane-localized CLE binding activity independent of CLV1. CLV2, CLV1 and the CLV1 homologs BAM1 and BAM2 all bind to the CLV3-derived CLE peptide with similar kinetics, but BAM receptors show a broader range of interactions with different CLE peptides. Finally, we show that BAM and CLV1 overexpression can compensate for the loss of CLV2 function in vivo. These results suggest two parallel ligand-binding receptor complexes controlling stem cell specification in Arabidopsis.”
“Chrysophyllum cainito is a plant recognized by the traditional healers of Aboude-Mandeke, a village in the Department of Agboville (Cote-d’Ivoire), as having antidiabetic properties. The aim of this study is to evaluate, experimentally, the effect of an aqueous decoction of the plant’s leaves that we called C. cainito, on rabbits induced with alloxane, a diabetogenic product. Different graded doses of this herbal medicine were applied on postprandial blood sugar levels of diabetic rabbits.

Research studies on the epidemiology of AKI must address a number

Research studies on the epidemiology of AKI must address a number of unique methodological challenges,

which have the potential to impact study results and validity. This review explores several methodological issues relevant to the design and conduct of observational studies that employ preexisting laboratory, administrative or research databases and that examine AKI as an outcome or an exposure. We discuss how methodological decisions may affect study results, particularly as they relate to selection bias, misclassification and confounding. Highlighting these areas may facilitate the design of studies of high methodological rigor that advance our understanding of AKI.”
“Purpose of reviewThis review will empower the primary care provider (PCP) to evaluate, manage, and refer as needed adolescents with dysmenorrhea and/or https://www.selleckchem.com/products/citarinostat-acy-241.html chronic pelvic pain (CPP) who are suspected to have endometriosis.Recent findingsEndometriosis is a common cause of CPP in adolescents who do not respond to primary medical treatment. The presentation in adolescents is unique, causing high

rates of misdiagnosis or delayed treatment. Endometriosis-related pain has a marked negative impact on social and mental health. Simple treatments that are available in the primary care setting can alleviate pain and improve quality of life for these young women if initiated in a timely fashion.SummaryAdolescents usually turn to their PCP for evaluation

of dysmenorrhea and CPP. By maintaining a high selleck inhibitor index of TPX-0005 supplier suspicion, initiating treatment, and referring when needed, the PCP can have a tremendous effect on the patient’s present and future quality of life.”
“Most preterm babies with a gestational age less than 23-27 weeks need a respiratory support in the delivery room (DR); the aim of ventilation is to create and maintain a functional residual capacity (FRC); to facilitate gas exchange and to minimize acute lung injury. The application of a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) from the first breaths helps in obtaining a lung volume stabilization. Efficacy and safety of the application of a sustained lung inflation (SLI) at birth is still under careful evaluation. The prompt increase of the hearth rate and oxygen saturation in the preliminary studies at the moment available in the literature are signs of the good efficacy of the manoeuvre but the effects of the SLI on oxygenation and hemodynamics are undetermined. When preterm infants need respiratory assistance in the DR, respiratory function monitoring is desirable to apply adequate and gentle resuscitation manoeuvres. Clinical large trials taking place in the DR are needed but they are also extremely difficult to be designed and performed.

The evidence from the studies thus far

suggests a trend t

The evidence from the studies thus far

suggests a trend towards short-term benefit with intravesical BTX-A injections in refractory IC, but further robust evidence should be awaited.”
“Hematocolpos is rarely presented as a pelvic mass which mechanically compresses the bladder and the urethra thereby causing urinary retention.

A 12-year-old girl referred with the history of lower abdominal pain and Anlotinib order retention of urine for 24 h. The patient had not started her menses yet. Three weeks before she also complained of discomfort on passing urine, frequency and urgency and was taken to a local outpatient clinic where she was given antibiotics with the diagnosis of urinary tract infection, she had also the history of intermittent urinary catheterization (three times before) in an emergency

department because of acute severe urinary retention. Transabdominal www.selleckchem.com/products/Imatinib-Mesylate.html ultrasonography revealed a pelvic semi-solid mass suggestive of hematocolpos. Pelvic examination revealed a pale blue imperforate hymen bulging from the vaginal introitus outwards. A cruciate incision was made over the hymen. Postoperative period was uneventful.

In case of acute severe urinary retention in an adolescent girl, the clinicians should keep in mind that imperforate hymen may be a causative factor and this condition may easily be treated surgically.”
“Study Design. In this study, normal intervertebral disc (IVD) tissues and degenerative human IVD tissues were compared for presence of fibronectin (FN) mRNA splice variants and for FN fragments (FN-f).

Objective. To further understand FN RNA splice forms and protein fragments in disc degeneration. Summary of Background Data. FN splice variants play important roles in regulating cell-matrix and matrix-matrix interactions in skeletogenesis and skeletal function in limbs and other sites. However, presence and possible roles of FN splice variants and fragments

in human IVD have not been determined.

Methods. Normal infant and adult IVD tissues were obtained from organ donors, and degenerative human IVD tissues were obtained from patients undergoing spinal surgeries. FN splice patterns GDC-0973 inhibitor were assessed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Relative expression levels were semiquantified by densitometry. FN and its fragments were studied by Western blot analysis.

Results. Both the EDB(+) and EDB(-) splice variants were present in normal and degenerative IVD tissues. The EDB(+) to EDB(-) ratio was highest in moderately degenerative tissue. The EDA(+) domain was only expressed in infant but not adult tissue. Variable-region (V) splice forms were present in all tissues studied. A splice form with the entire V-region, the 15th type III domain, and 10th type I domain adjacent to the 3′end of V region omitted (referred to as [V+III-15 + 1-10], also known as [V+C] splice form) was present at higher levels in adult than in infant samples.

CYP71AV1 is a key enzyme in the artemisinin biosynthesis pathway,

CYP71AV1 is a key enzyme in the artemisinin biosynthesis pathway, while CPR is a redox partner for CYP71AV1. Eight independent transgenic A. annua plants were obtained through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, which was confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analyses. The real-time qPCR results Bioactive Compound Library showed that the gene cyp71av1 was highly expressed at the transcriptional level in the transgenic A. annua plants. HPLC analysis showed that the artemisinin content was increased in a number of the transgenic plants, in which both cyp71av1 and cpr were overexpressed. In one of the transgenic A. annua plants, the artemisinin content was 38%

higher than in the non-transgenic plants. We conclude that overexpressing key enzymes of the biosynthesis pathway ACY-738 is an effective means for increasing artemisinin content in plants.”
“Improving the final adult height is one of the most important

aims for treatment of central precocious puberty. Stanozolol (ST) is a synthetic derivative of androgen. In this study, we investigated the effects and the mechanisms of ST on the proliferation of growth plate chondrocytes isolated from adolescent rats treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa). Treatment with ST resulted in time- and concentration-dependent effects on proliferation as determined by MTT and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) assays. Western blotting showed that ST increased the phosphorylation level of the estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha), but not the androgen receptor (AR). Pharmacological inhibition of ER alpha and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) attenuated the effects of ST on the proliferation of growth plate chondrocytes. A molecular dynamics simulation showed hydrophobic interactions between ST and ER alpha. These results suggested that ER alpha, but not AR, partially mediates the ST-driven proliferation of growth plate chondrocytes, and that multiple pathways may be involved in the mechanism of action of ST.”
“Jean Hamburger, one of the pioneers of scientific medicine in the mid-20th century, who was involved in the inception of intensive care, nephrology, hemodialysis and scientific

clinical research, has also been one of the very few fathers of human organ transplantation. He was involved in the selleck inhibitor primary French kidney transplantations in 1950, and in 1952, he realized the first allotransplantation in the world of a kidney removed from a voluntary living donor. At the same time, he was the first to describe the various clinical and pathological aspects of acute rejection. He suggested the use of cortisone for the treatment of rejection as early as 1950 and promoted nonlethal body irradiation, which was successfully used in 1959 both by John Merrill in Boston and by himself in Paris, to prevent allograft rejection. In October 1962, in collaboration with Maurice Goulon, he was the first to use a kidney removed from an individual in ‘coma depasse’.


“Background The importance of faith and its associations w


“Background The importance of faith and its associations with health are well documented. As part of the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System, items tapping positive and negative impact of illness (PII and NII) were developed across four content domains: Coping/Stress Response, Self-Concept, Social Connection/Isolation, and Meaning and Spirituality. Faith items were included within the concept of meaning and spirituality. Methods This measurement model was tested

on a heterogeneous group of 509 cancer survivors. To evaluate dimensionality, we applied two bi-factor models, specifying a 10058-F4 manufacturer general factor (PII or NII) and four local factors: Coping/Stress Response, Self-Concept, Social Connection/Isolation, and Meaning and Spirituality. Results Bi-factor analysis supported sufficient unidimensionality within PII and NII item sets. The unidimensionality of both PII and NII item sets was enhanced by extraction of the faith items from the rest of the questions. Of the 10 faith items, nine demonstrated higher local than general factor loadings (range for

local factor loadings?=?0.402 to 0.876), suggesting utility as a separate but related faith factor. The same was true for only two of the remaining 63 items across the PII selleck chemical and NII item sets. Conclusions Although conceptually and to a degree empirically related to Meaning and Spirituality, Faith appears to be a distinct subdomain of PII and NII, better handled by distinct assessment. A 10-item measure of the impact of

illness upon faith (II-Faith) was therefore assembled. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“The photoluminescence (PL) of poly n-vinyl carbazole (PVK) films formed by solution processing was investigated. PVK films were formed by spincasting onto bare glass or glass covered by films of indium tin oxide (ITO) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate)ethylene (PEDOT : PSS). Some of the spincast films were redissolved in chloroform solvent and redried both in the absence or presence of an electric field (6000 V/cm). The broad. aggregate PL peak near 410 nm exhibited both blue and red shifts dependent upon the processing conditions. These check details shifts in PL were attributed to changes in the excimer populations associated with die molecular conformation of adjacent carbazole groups. The PL data were deconvoluted into two component peaks representing two excimers associated with overlap of only one (partial or P) or full overlap (F) of both aromatic rings on adjacent carbazole groups. It was concluded that the excimer population was dependent on the amount of residual solvent left in the film after processing and upon the type of substrate. The mechanism(s) controlling the molecular configurations was discussed. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.