Am J Med. 1985;79:1–7.PubMedCrossRef 20. Betts RF, Valenti WM, Chapman SW, et al. Five-year surveillance of aminoglycoside usage in a university hospital. Ann Intern Med. 1984;100:219–22.PubMedCrossRef”
“I am delighted

to welcome you to Infectious Diseases and Therapy. Launched in January 2012, the journal focuses on the exciting but challenging times within the infectious diseases therapeutic area. The international, peer-reviewed journal publishes concise and high-quality papers in all areas of infectious diseases, www.selleckchem.com/products/blasticidin-s-hcl.html including but not limited to, microbiology, epidemiology, virology, sexually transmitted diseases, pandemics and epidemics, new and emerging infections, chronic infections, vaccines, drug-resistant pathogens, tropical diseases, and all other infection-related problems that clinicians and researchers face on a daily basis. The journal publishes all types of research, from preclinical through to post-marketing and observational studies, diagnostic, pharmacoeconomic, public health, educational, and quality of life studies as well as case reports, concise reviews and brief reports. It can also publish supplements and special issues, either

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Sclareol a freely accessible bulleted summary slide, displaying the key points of the paper, to encourage readership to a broader audience and enhance the educational value of the paper. Other optional enhanced features include slide decks, animations, videos and interactive quizzes, all of which are peer reviewed and open access. To meet the ever-growing demand to publish research quickly, Infectious Diseases and Therapy is a rapid publication journal, with a peer review decision reached within 2 weeks from submission, and acceptance to online publication within 3–4 weeks. The journal’s primary focus is to provide up-to-date, high-quality and relevant information by the most effective and educational methods for infectious diseases clinicians, researchers and the pharmaceutical industry. I look forward to driving the success of this journal forwards and believe that the journal will be a welcome and valued click here addition to the world of infectious diseases. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.

Email addresses were obtained from published membership lists. The authors attempted to exclude email addresses that AZ 628 cost overlapped between organizations. This project was approved by the Institutional Review Board. Results were collected on a commercial survey website (http://​www.​surveymonkey.​com). Only a single mass emailing was completed, and the survey was closed after one

month. No follow-up emails or repeat email solicitations were used. All responses were kept completely confidential. Standard two-sided chi-square tests www.selleckchem.com/products/PF-2341066.html were used to test for significant associations between specialty and survey responses. Because some expected cell counts were less than 5, results were confirmed using Selleck SB273005 Monte-Carlo approximations of Fisher’s exact test with one

million repetitions. Testing was done using R version 2.10.1. Results A total of 785 responses were received, representing an overall response rate of 6.7%. Members of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma had the highest response rate, at 15.7% (Table 1). Several emails were received from recipients of the survey, explaining that they were not clinicians, not physicians, or did not take care of patients with TCVI. Table 1 Responses according to professional society   Number of survey requests sent Number of responses American Association of Neurological Surgeons 5,481 335 (6.1%) American Association for the Surgery of Trauma 923 145 (15.7%) American Heart Association Stroke Council 4,638 263 (5.7%) Society for Clinical Vascular Surgery 742 42 (5.7%) Overall survey results The total responses to the survey questions are listed

in Table 2. The largest number of respondents were neurosurgeons (342, 45.2%) and the next largest responding specialty was neurology (205, 27.1%). Only 46 of the respondents (6.0%) reported seeing Orotidine 5′-phosphate decarboxylase no TCVI cases each year; the most common frequency was 1-5 per year, which was reported by 442 (57.4%) of the respondents. A conservative estimate of the total number of TCVI cases seen by the respondents can be estimated by multiplying number of respondents reporting each range of cases per year by the lowest number in each range. Thus, as a group, the respondents estimated that they see at least 2,680 TCVI cases each year. Table 2 Overall responses to the questionnaire 1. What is your specialty?   • Trauma surgeon = 137 (18.1%)   • General surgeon = 19 (2.5%)   • Neurosurgeon = 342 (45.2%)   • Vascular surgeon = 52 (6.9%)   • Neurologist = 205 (27.1%)   • Interventional radiologist = 30 (4.0%) 2. What is the approximate number of traumatic carotid or vertebral artery dissections or other injuries that you see per year?   • None = 46 (6.0%)   • 1-5 = 442 (57.4%)   • 5-10 = 144 (18.7%)   • > 10 = 138 (17.9%) 3. What is your preferred method of imaging?   • MRI/MRA = 175 (22.8%)   • CTA = 464 (60.5%)   • Doppler = 13 (1.7%)   • Catheter angiography = 115 (15.0%) 4.

Narici et al. have pointed out that some of this variability may be attributable to differences in the age range between animal groups as well as due to measurement artifacts

associated with clamping of the excised tendons [62]. Human studies of tendon properties have until recently been hindered by requirements for cadaver donors and have been somewhat scarce. To study tendon properties in vivo, a technique has been developed based on longitudinal measurement of tendon deformation by imaging ultrasound during an isometric muscle contraction [63]. Initial studies QNZ molecular weight using this technique compared young and elderly groups, observing that tendons from older subjects were on the order of 15% more compliant [62]. The observation

that the tendons from the young and older subjects had approximately similar dimensions supported the idea that the observed differences could be attributed to differences in mechanical properties. In addition to the observation that older tendons have lower stiffness than tendons from younger subjects, there is also evidence that tendon stiffness can be increased through exercise training [64]. The ability to increase the stiffness of tendons would improve mobility by Idasanutlin molecular weight allowing for faster generation of force on bone, reducing the power and metabolic requirements on SAHA research buy skeletal muscle tissue. Narici et al. have presented excellent reviews of the literature on age-related changes in human tendon mechanical properties [62, 65]. Clinical manifestations of sarcopenia With aging, multiple processes occurring within muscle tissue, such as denervation, changes in the hormonal and inflammatory environment, mitochondrial dysfunction, and changes in the expression of regulatory factors affecting the fate of satellite Montelukast Sodium cells, combine to produce losses in the bulk properties of muscle tissue such as muscle mass and strength. Among the elderly, these changes may eventually result in loss of mobility and independence and increased risk of injury. Loss of muscle

power Age-related loss of skeletal muscle contractile power, which is essential to human motions such as rising from a chair or climbing a flight of stairs, is one of the clinical consequences most commonly linked with sarcopenia. The decline in muscle power has been established in both genders, under multiple loading conditions, in multiple limbs, and in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies [17]. The most important anatomic sites for muscle function measurement have primarily been in the lower body, as the muscles in these sites are critical for daily function and allow for closest comparison to biopsy data. Further, power and strength losses in the lower limbs confer the largest risk factors for falls and other sources of injury and disability [66, 67]. Lower-limb power and strength are often measured using knee extension and flexion.

Furthermore, the woman with long-term amenorrhea see more (Participant 1) maintained a lower percent body fat as well as greater exercise volume throughout the intervention compared to the woman with short-term amenorrhea (Participant 2), providing further potential reasons for the differences observed during recovery of menstrual function. Of interest, however, is that neither woman experienced

complete recovery of menstrual function as defined by the occurrence of consistent ovulation and regular cycles of 26 to 35 days during the course of the intervention. Despite the onset of menses, subtle menstrual disturbances or long intermenstrual intervals were observed throughout the study. The presence of subtle menstrual disturbances in exercising women who are regularly cycling is not uncommon AZD6244 mouse [2, 14]. In fact, it has been reported that about 52% of exercising women experience subtle menstrual disturbances in the face of apparently regular cycles [2]. Thus, it is plausible that women who are recovering from amenorrhea may also experience these subtle menstrual disturbances prior to complete recovery of optimal menstrual function which may require more time than 12 months. Furthermore, it is notable that both women experienced a decrease in energy intake during the intervention that corresponded with long intermenstrual intervals consistent with the definition of amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea.

This non-compliance with the prescribed energy intake, whether inadvertent or intentional, for a period of time Alectinib supplier during the intervention may have also contributed to the time course of recovery of menstrual function and the lack of complete recovery of optimal menstrual function. However, both women increased caloric intake again after this period of non-compliance, coinciding with ovulation and the onset of regular cycles for Participant 1 and 2, respectively. These events further demonstrate the importance of adequate energy intake on menstrual function among

exercising women. No improvements in bone health for either woman were observed, likely secondary to the relatively short intervention of 12 months. For bone health outcomes, a buy Bindarit longer intervention of 18 to 24 months may be required to realize significant changes in bone density and strength. Neither woman demonstrated a clinically significant increase in BMD as defined by a change that exceeded the least significant change; however, P1NP, a marker of bone formation, increased by approximately 50% in both women. This favorable change in bone turnover may indicate that more significant BMD changes may have been observed if the participants were followed for a longer duration of time. Other case studies of amenorrheic athletes who gained weight demonstrated significant improvements in bone health [7, 9]. Frederickson et al. [7] reported a 25.5% and 19.

When comparing operation costs of both procedures, our experience shows that McRAPD can be quite

competitive compared to ID 32C, however, market prices of materials and sets are always subject to change. Thus, it should be fair to say that both approaches are roughly comparable, McRAPD being more rapid with a potential VX-661 solubility dmso for future improvements. Since ID 32C offers the most extensive set of assimilation tests among commercially available yeast identification systems, it can be expected that other phenotyping approaches will show inferior performance. Thus, the need of special instrumentation and skills should be the only obstacle for general acceptance of McRAPD in routine diagnostic laboratories. Generally speaking, those laboratories being able to adopt McRAPD will be also able to adopt other genotyping techniques. Then,

such techniques, Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) in particular, should be the main competitors of McRAPD. Although MLST is more demanding concerning instrumentation, selleck inhibitor skills and labour, it has the advantage of unmatched interlaboratory reproducibility, enabling global epidemiology. However, it can hardly be expected that MLST can present an economically affordable alternative for routine identification and prospective epidemiological surveillance in near future. It can rather be expected that its use will be limited to retrospective epidemiological studies. Thus, McRAPD offers a promising choice for routine identification of pathogenic yeast species; Unoprostone in case of AZD6738 failure, it could be supplemented by other techniques, the best of which appears to be single-locus sequencing in our opinion. Conclusions 1. Crude colony

lysates provide an economical, rapid and reliable alternative to elaborate DNA extraction techniques for the purposes of McRAPD when performed by skilled personnel. 2. Our optimized McRAPD protocol shows excellent intralaboratory reproducibility and is able to delineate specific genotypes in some of the species studied. 3. Computer-aided visual matching of first derivative plots shows best performance among the approaches tested for interpretation of mere numerical McRAPD data. Its performance almost matched the performance of traditional RAPD fingerprinting and was comparable to the performance of the ID32C commercial system. 4. We believe that because of its advantages over conventional phenotypic identification approaches and competitive costs McRAPD can find its place in routine identification of medically important yeasts in advanced diagnostic laboratories being able to adopt the technique. It can also serve as a broad-range high-throughput technique for crude epidemiological surveillance. Methods Yeast strains The 9 yeast species most frequently isolated from clinical samples in our settings, namely representing 94.3% of yeast species isolated from patient samples at our department, were included into the study. Among these, 7 more common species, i.e. Candida albicans (56.2%), C.

Oncogene

2007, in press. 24. Möller A, House CM, Wong CS, Scanlon DB, Liu MC, Ronai Z, Bowtell DD: Inhibition of Siah ubiquitin ligase function. Oncogene 2009,28(2):289–96. Epub 2008 Oct 13PubMedCrossRef 25. Medhioub M, Vaury C, Hamelin R, Thomas G: Lack of somatic mutation in the coding sequence of SIAH1 in tumors hemizygous for this candidate tumor suppressor gene. Int J Cancer 2000,87(6):794–7.PubMedCrossRef 26. Matsuo selleck screening library K, Satoh S, Okabe H, Nomura A, Maeda T, Yamaoka Y, Ikai I: SIAH1 inactivation correlates with tumor progression in hepatocellular carcinomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2003,36(3):283–91.PubMedCrossRef 27. Kim CJ, Cho YG, Park CH, Jeong SW, Nam SW, Kim SY, Lee SH, Yoo NJ, Lee JY, Park WS: Inactivating mutations of the Siah-1 gene in gastric cancer. Oncogene 2004,23(53):8591–6.PubMedCrossRef 28. Brauckhoff A, Ehemann V, Schirmacher P, Breuhahn K: Reduced expression of the E3-ubiquitin ligase seven in absentia homologue (SIAH)-1 in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 2007, 91:269–77.PubMed 29. Polekhina G, House CM, Traficante N, Mackay JP, Relaix F, Sassoon DA, Parker MW, Bowtell DDL: Siah ubiquitin ligase is structurally related to TRAF and modulates TNF-a signalling. Nature

Struct Biol 2002, 9:68–75.PubMedCrossRef 30. Iwai A, Marusawa H, Matsuzawa S, Fukushima T, Hijikata M, Reed JC, Shimotohno K, Chiba K: Siah-1L, a novel transcript variant belonging to the human Siah family of proteins, regulates b-catenin activity in a p53-dependent LEE011 molecular weight manner. Oncogene 2004, 23:7593–00.PubMedCrossRef 31. Mei Y, Xie C, Xie

W, Wu Z, Wu M: Siah-1S, a novel splice variant of Siah-1 (seven in absentia homolog), counteracts Siah-1-mediated downregulation of b-catenin. Oncogene 2007, 26:6319–31.PubMedCrossRef 32. Wheeler TC, Chin LS, Li Y, Roudabush FL, Li L: Regulation of synaptophysin degradation by mammalian homologues of seven in absentia. J Biol Chem 2002,277(12):10273–82.PubMedCrossRef 33. Abada R, Dreyfuss-Grossman T, Herman-Bachnisky Y, Geva H, Masa S-R, Sarid R: SIAH-1 Interacts with the Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus-Encoded ORF45 protein and promotes its ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. J Virol 2008,82(5):2230–40.PubMedCrossRef 34. Levesque AA, Compton DA: The chromokinesin Kid is necessary for chromosome arm orientation and oscillation, but not congression, on mitotic spindles. J Cell Biol 2001,154(6):1135–46.PubMedCrossRef dipyridamole 35. Okabe H, Satoh S, Emricasan Furukawa Y, Kato T, Hasegawa S, Nakajima Y, Yamaoka Y, Nakamura Y: Involvement of PEG10 in human hepatocellular carcinogenesis through interaction with SIAH-1. Cancer Res 2003, 63:3043–48.PubMed Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions HBG and MM designed and coordinated the study and wrote the paper. HBG carry out biochemical and immunochemical studies. PF and LV carried out breast tissue collection and processing, and with M-PP and SM they participated in rtPCR studies.

veronii. Previously, it has been reported that L. delbrueckii, L. lactis and L. mesenteroides can prevent cellular damage caused by A. salmonicida, a fish pathogen [35, 36]. Here

we report that VR1 possess strong probiotic properties and abrogated the cytotoxicity of A. veronii MTCC 3249, an isolate from mosquito midgut. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of the preventive role of CFS from VR1 in cellular and epithelial damage selleck caused by A. veronii. Traditionally fermented products are rich source of Lactobacilli, which can be exploited for their probiotic potential. Indian fermented foods like Kallappam, koozh and Mor Kuzhambu were reported as a source of potential probiotic Lactobacillus spp. and which is useful as biopreservative [5]. Ayurveda is traditionally practised medicinal science for many centuries and medicines are prepared

from herbs. However, very little efforts have been made in utilizing these preparations as a source of probionts. There is only major study which reported the Selleck CP 868596 isolation and charactarisation of seventeen Lactobacillus spp. from Kanjika, an Ayurvedic formulation, for probiotic attributes [6]. In the present study, we used Kutajarista, an Ayurvedic herbal decoction, for isolation of potential probiont. VR1 showed highest homology to L. plantarum and exhibited probiotic characteristics such as tolerance to acidic pH, bile salts and simulated gastric juice. VR1 also showed adherence to intestinal cell line HT-29, which is one of the essential prerequisites for a probiotic microorganism. All these features indicate this strain of L. plantarum as a potential probiont. A recent report by Anderson et al. [37] suggests that L. plantarum has better probiotic characteristics and it also reduces enteropathogenic effect of E. coli as compared to commercial strains Regorafenib price like L.

rhamnosus. Moreover, L. plantarum has been reported to inhibit this website pathogens in in vitro and in vivo systems [9, 13]. On the same lines, L. plantarum isolated from Kutajarista showed inhibition of the tested type strains and clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Interestingly VR1 also prevented the growth of A. veronii, for which virulent attributes have already been established [[26–28]]. The pathogenicity of genus Aeromonas is multifactorial and is attributed to factors such as; cytotoxin, aerolysin, hemolysin, adhesins and secretory systems. Apart from other virulence factors which may contribute to the pathogenesis of A. veronii, here we report the presence of type three secretion system and aerolysin (additional file 2, Fig S2), putatively involved in secretion of virulence factors to the host cell and haemolytic activity respectively. Our previous studies have also demonstrated that A. veronii MTCC 3249 is multi-drug resistant, and harbours three uncharacterised plasmids and one of the plasmids codes for functional type four secretion system [[26, 28, 29]]. After establishing the fact that A.

5 × 10−9 and 7 × 10−9 learn more F as the best-fit parameters, respectively. Knowing the interface capacitance C, the thickness of the Al oxide interfacial layer, d = ε 0 εS / C, can be estimated, where ε 0, ε, and S are the vacuum permittivity, the dielectric constant of aluminum oxide, and the electrode area, respectively [33]. With ε 0 = 8.85 × 10−14 F/cm, ε = 10, and S = 2 × 10−3 cm2, d is obtained to be 7 and 2.5 nm in the high and low resistance states, respectively. The thickness of the Al oxide interfacial layer obtained by click here impedance spectroscopy in this work was in good agreement with that estimated by HRTEM

and XPS [18–20]. The oxidation of the Al electrode plays a dominant role TPX-0005 nmr in the bipolar resistance switching in the PCMO-based

devices. On the contrary, the resistance change at the interface might not give a dominant contribution to the overall resistance change of Ni/PCMO/Pt and Ag/PCMO/Pt devices because with Ni and Ag, it is difficult to form the oxide interface layer as compared with Al. As a result, the resistance change ratio of Ni/PCMO/Pt and Ag/PCMO/Pt devices is smaller than that of the Al/PCMO/Pt device. It is rather difficult to categorize Ni and Ag into the group of top electrode materials that cause the ReRAM effect. Conclusions The electric-pulse-induced resistance switching in manganite film-based devices with various metal electrodes of Al, Ni, Ag, and Au was studied by dc current–voltage measurements and ac impedance spectroscopy. The hysteretic I-V characteristics and resistance switching were observed in the PCMO-based devices with top electrode of Al, Ni, and Ag. The Al/PCMO/Pt device showed larger resistance switching than other PCMO-based old devices with top electrode of Ni and Ag. The electrode material dependence of the

resistance switching in polycrystalline manganite films was investigated in more detail by impedance spectroscopy. Two semicircular arcs were observed in the impedance spectra of the Al/PCMO/Pt device, while the Cole-Cole plots in the devices with Ni, Ag, and Au showed only one semicircular arc. These two distinctive features of the Al/PCMO/Pt device could be assigned to the PCMO bulk and to the interface between the PCMO film and the Al electrode, respectively. By comparing the impedance spectra between the high and low resistance states in the Al/PCMO/Pt device, we suggested that the resistance switching in the PCMO-based devices was mainly due to the resistance change in the interface between the film and the electrode. According to the theoretical simulation of impedance spectra, the interface component observed by impedance spectroscopy in the Al/PCMO/Pt device might be due to Al oxide layer formed by oxidation of Al top electrode. The interfacial transition layer of Al oxides is possibly responsible for the large resistance change in the Al/PCMO/Pt device.

The protocols used were in compliance with the guidelines and

policies of the Animal Care and Use BI 10773 in vitro Committee (ACUC) of the University of California at Berkeley. Overnight bacterial cultures were serially diluted to suitable CFU/ml in PBS for infection. To assess the virulence of the tested strains, groups of five mice were either inoculated intragastrically with 5 × 106CFU per BALB/c mouse and 1 × 103CFU per SCID mouse or intraperitoneally selleck with 1 × 102CFU per BALB/c mouse and 1 × 101CFU per SCID mouse. Mice were monitored during the course of infection, and those animals that exhibited extreme stress or became moribund were euthanized [45,48]. For organ colonization andin vivoexperiments, groups of five mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 1 × 105or 1 × 107CFU per BALB/c mouse or 1 × 102or 1 × 104CFU per SCID mouse of the bacterial strains, and were euthanized at 5 days or 18 hours after inoculation, respectively. Mice (5 animals per group) were also inoculated intragastrically with 1 × 105or 1 × 108CFU per BALB/c mouse or 1 × 102or 1 × 104CFU per SCID mouse of the bacterial strains and were euthanized at 7 days or 24 hours after inoculation, respectively. Organs

were collected and homogenized in cold PBS. An aliquot of homogenate was used to determine its CFU/ml by serial dilution with PBS and plating on LB agar plates [45,48]. To prepare protein extracts for Western GSK2126458 molecular weight analyses, the homogenates of the spleen samples were centrifuged at 9,000 × g and 4°C for 10 minutes. The pellets from the spleen were resuspended in 0.5 ml of cold lysis buffer (120 mM NaCl, 4 mM MgCl2, 20 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.5, 1% Triton-X100) supplemented with protease inhibitors (complete EDTA-free cocktail, Roche), incubated at 4°C for 1 hour, centrifuged at 18,000 × g and 4°C for 10 minutes. The pellets that contained the bacteria were

resuspended in PBS for Western analyses Phosphoprotein phosphatase [45,48]. For the cecum samples, the homogenates were incubated on ice for 10 minutes. The upper clear suspensions were transferred and centrifuged at 15,000 × g and 4°C for 10 minutes. The pellets were washed in PBS, centrifuged at 18,000 × g and 4°C for 10 minutes, and resuspended in PBS for Western analyses [45,48]. Western analyses The denatured polypeptides from bacterial lysates were separated on SDS-containing 10–12% polyacrylamide gels cross-linked withN,N”"-methylenebisacrylamide, transferred electrically to nitrocellulose membranes, and reacted in an enzyme-linked immunoassay with anti-mouse IgG conjugated with alkaline phosphatase in addition to the antibodies against the FLAG sequence (Sigma, St Louis, MO) andSalmonellaDnaK protein [45,49]. The membranes were subsequently stained with a chemiluminescent substrate with the aid of a Western chemiluminescent substrate kit (Amersham Inc, GE Healthcare) and quantitated with a STORM840 phosphorimager. Quantitation was performed in the linear range of protein detection.

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