Given that a by-product (pyrolytic lignin) is obtained with similar properties to the lignin from wood pulping manufacturing, the perspectives for the viability of lignocellulosic biomass valorization are promising, which is essential for furthering its implementation in biorefinery processes. (C) 2009 Society

of Chemical Industry”
“Objective: To identify anatomical factors associated with major adverse limb events (MALE) after angioplasty as the basis for a novel morphology-driven classification of infrapopliteal lesions.

Design: Retrospective-multicenter study.

Materials and methods: Between March 2004 and October 2010, 1057 limbs from 884 patients with CLI due to isolated infrapopliteal lesions were studied. Freedom-from MALE, defined as major amputation or any reintervention, was assessed out to 2 years by the Kaplan-Meier methods. Anatomical predictors and risk stratification for MALE were analyzed by multivariate analysis.

Results: C188-9 Freedom-from MALE was 47 +/- 1% at 2 years. Lesion calcification, target vessel diameter<3.0 mm, lesion length>300 mm and no below-the-ankle (BA) run-off were positively associated with MALE by multivariate-analysis. The total number of risk factors was used to calculate the risk score for each limbs for subsequent categorization into 3 groups with 0 or 1 (low-risk), 2 (moderate-risk) and 3 or 4

(high-risk) factors. Freedom-from MALE at 2 year-rates was 59% in low-risk, 46% in moderate-risk, and 29% in high-risk, respectively.

Conclusion: GSK1210151A supplier Target vessel diameter <3.0 mm, lesion calcification, lesion length > 300 mm Small molecule library and no-BA runoff were associated with MALE after

infrapopliteal angioplasty. Risk stratification based on these predictors allows estimation of future incidence of MALE in CLI with isolated infrapopliteal lesions. (C) 2012 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“BACKGROUND: Disintegration was developed as a pretreatment process for sludge to accelerate the digestion processes. Ultrasonic treatment may be a good alternative for sludge disintegration. In this study, different specific energy inputs ranged between 0 and 15 880 kJ kg(-1) and very low ultrasonic densities ranged between 0.04 and 0.1 W mL(-1) were applied to biological sludge for disintegration purposes. The potential for improving anaerobic digestion through ultrasonic pre-treatment and the effect of ultrasonic pre-treatment on the filterability characteristics of sludge were also investigated.

RESULTS: 9690 W kg(-1) TS of supplied energy and very low power density of 0.09 Wm L-1 are efficient for floc disintegration. For 9690 kJ kg(-1) TS, 44% higher methane production was achieved than with raw sludge as a result of biochemical methane potential assay. The supernatant characteristics of the sludge were also affected by the ultrasonic pre-treatment.

Particularly, there was no significant difference regarding time to definitive deterioration of global health status/quality of life from baseline (primary endpoint). Notably, patients receiving FLO or FLOT as palliative treatment (n = 98) achieved CH5424802 solubility dmso comparable QOL results.

Although toxicity was higher in patients receiving FLOT, no negative impact of the addition of docetaxel on QOL parameters could be demonstrated. Thus, elderly patients in need of intensified chemotherapy may receive FLOT without compromising patient-reported

outcome parameters.”
“Long-term data of health-related quality of life (HRQL) after biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPDDS) procedure are lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in HRQL from baseline to 5 years after BPDDS.

Fifty morbidly obese patients were followed for 5 years after BPDDS procedure. The sample consisted of 27 women and 23 men, the mean age was 37.8 years, and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 51.7 units. HRQL was measured with the Short Form 36 questionnaire selleck chemicals (SF-36). Anxiety and depression were measured

with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Linear mixed model was used to investigate the change scores. The SF-36 scores and HADS scores of the sample were also compared with a Norwegian population norm, adjusted for age, gender, and BMI.

Mental summary scores (MCS) and physical summary scores (PCS) were very low preoperatively but significantly improved (P < 0.05) 5 years after surgery. The PCS was comparable to the population norm, while MCS was lower. Depression improved significantly from baseline

to the 5-year follow-up (P = 0.004), but anxiety did not (P = 0.595).

This study demonstrates a sustained weight loss and improved, although somewhat fading, HRQL scores 5 years after BPDDS. The study also shows that BPDDS is associated with a sustained reduction in depression symptoms but not in anxiety symptoms.”
“Background: During the normal aging process, changes are produced in renal structure that are indistinguishable from those provoked by uncomplicated elevated arterial pressure. Our objective was to evaluate whether long-term treatment with thiazide diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide CYT387 concentration [HCT]) prevented the changes that occur during kidney aging.

Methods: Fifty CF1 female mice were divided into 2 groups: control group without treatment and HCT group which received 25 mg/L HCT in their drinking water, after weaning and during their entire existence. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was evaluated per semester, and proteinuria at end of study. At months 6, 12, 18 and 24 of treatment, 5 animals were sacrificed per group. Aortic blood samples were taken to measure plasma creatinine and urea concentrations. Morphometric analysis of glomeruli measured number per mm(2), diameter, percentage of mesangial area and percentage glomerulosclerosis (%GS).

In summary, interactions of PCB3 and its metabolites with estradiol by yet unknown mechanisms inhibit caspase 9-related apoptosis and additional, other death pathways are affected by the catechol metabolite 3,4diOH-PCB3. These anti-apoptotic effects and the change in metabolic activity may contribute to the carcinogenic effect of PCBs. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Device closure of atrial septal defect (ASD) is commonly performed in older children and adults. Infants and toddlers

(age < 4 years) are seldom referred for ASD check details closure due to size constraints. However, in many cases device ASD closure can be performed in this population. Between 2002 and 2012, 61 infants and toddlers were taken to the catheterization laboratory at our institution for ASD closure. Precatheterization transthoracic echocardiograms, intracatheterization

transesophageal echocardiograms, and catheterization reports were reviewed. Fifty-three infants and toddlers presented for percutaneous ASD occlusion. Forty-eight (79 %) underwent successful closure, and 13 were referred for surgery without Saracatinib cost device attempt (n = 8) or after unsuccessful device occlusion (n = 4). Median age and weight at time of ASD closure were 2.99 years (range 0.3-3.8) and 11.7 kg (range 3.7-16.5). The device-to-septal length ratio was 0.81 (range 0.44-1.03). The 12 unsuccessful cases occurred in patients with larger defects (ASD diameter 17.5 +/- A 6.1 vs. 12.1 +/- A 4.2, p < 0.01). Deficient rims (absent or a parts per thousand currency BIIB057 inhibitor sign4 mm) were seen in 9 of 12 (75 %) unsuccessful cases and in 19 of 41 (46 %) successful cases (p = 0.12). Multivariate analysis showed that patient size and ASD size were not independently

associated with procedural success but that ASD size-to-patient weight ratio < 1.2 (hazard ratio 9.5 [range1.7-17]) was associated with successful ASD closure. ASD device occlusion can be safely achieved in small children. An ASD size-to-patient weight ratio > 1.2, not absolute patient weight or age, is associated with failure of the percutaneous approach. The midterm outcomes in these young patients are excellent.”
“The personal care product Triclosan, 5-chloro-2(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenol, is widely used in consumer products as an antibacterial agent and is increasingly found in the environment as a contaminant of sewage sludge and wastewater. This compound has been identified in plasma and urine of people in the United States, Sweden and Australia. Triclosan is known to inhibit sulfonation of phenolic xenobiotics and is structurally related to inhibitors of estrogen sulfotransferase, such as polychlorobiphenylols.

Interestingly, some of the synthesized compounds showed growth inhibitory properties that appear to be associated with their ability to inhibit PDE5. Moreover, the PDE5 inhibition seems relevant to the stereochemical aspects of the compounds.”
“Objective: Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in the local regulation of bone metabolism. However, the contribution made by specific Etomoxir supplier nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes to skeletal development is unclear. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of inactivation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) on cartilage development

in mice.

Design: Mice carrying a null mutation in the nNOS gene were used to address our objectives. Histological staining, immunohistochemistry and in situ analyses were employed along with real-time reverse transcriptase – polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Results: nNOS-null mice show transient growth retardation and shorter long bones. nNOS-deficient FRAX597 mw growth plates show a reduction in replicating cells. Reduced chondrocyte numbers may in part be due to slower cell cycle progression and premature cell cycle exit caused by decreased cyclin D1 and increased p57 expression in mutants. In addition, apoptosis was increased as shown by increased cleaved-caspase 3 staining

in hypertrophic chondrocytes in mutants. Real-time PCR demonstrated that expression of early chondrocyte markers such as Sox genes was reduced in mutant mice, while expression of prehypertrophic markers such as ROR alpha was increased. Histological sections also demonstrated thinner cortical bone, fewer trabeculae and reduced mineralization in mutant mice.

Conclusions: These data identify an important role of nNOS in chondrocyte proliferation and endochondral bone growth and demonstrate that nNOS coordinates cell Raf inhibitor cycle exit and chondrocyte differentiation in cartilage development.

(C) 2011 Osteoarthritis Research Society International. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background MicroRNAs play important roles in carcinogenesis. A preliminary screening study suggested that down-regulation of miR-370 occurs in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissue. Insulin receptor substratre-1 (IRS-1) is the substrate of insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR), which modulates AKT/mTOR activation in malignancies. The relationship between miR-370 and IRS-1, and their functional roles in OSCC pathogenesis are unclear.

Materials and Methods Primary OSCC specimens were examined for miR-370 expression. Exogenous expression of miR-370 was established using both stable subclones and transient expression, and these were used to gain insights into miR-370′s functions in OSCC cells.

Models were adjusted for known predictors of survival, including duration

of arrest.

Results: Of 3620 eligible cases, 14% were hypotensive (SBP < 90 mmHg) on hospital arrival (10% shockable and 19% non-shockable). For patients in shockable rhythms, discharge survival was maximal at 120-129 mmHg (54%), and in the adjusted model (>= 120 mmHg as reference) SBP decrements below 90 mmHg were associated with lower survival: 80-89 mmHg selleck kinase inhibitor AOR = 0.49 (95% CI: 0.24-0.95); <80 mmHg AOR = 0.24 (95% CI: 0.10-0.61); unrecordable AOR = 0.10 (95% CI: 0.04-0.30). In patients found in nonshockable rhythms, SBP was not significant associated with discharge survival (AOR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.89-1.15).

Conclusions: an EMS system using intravenous adrenaline and fluids to maintain post-resuscitation SBP at 120 mmHg, hypotension on hospital arrival was relatively uncommon. CHIR-99021 research buy However, in presumed cardiac OHCA patients with an initial shockable rhythm, SBPs below 90 mmHg was

associated with significant lower odds of survival to hospital discharge. This level of hypotension may indicate patients who require more aggressive post-resuscitation blood pressure management. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Two new triterpenic constituents characterized as lupenic arabinopalmitate [lup-12,20( 29)-dien-3 beta-ol-3 beta-L-arabinofuranosyl-2'-hexadecanoate] (1) and lupenic palmitate [lup-12,20(29)-dien-3 beta-olyl hexadecanoate] (2) and an aliphatic delta-lactone [4 beta- pent-2-enylolactone)-hexatriacontane] selleck chemical (4) have been isolated for the first time from the methanolic extract of the roots of Cichorium intybus L. (Asteraceae) along with the known compound glycery-1-stearyl-2-linolenyl phosphate 3. The

structures of all these phytoconstituents have been established by spectral data analysis and chemical reactions.”
“Protonation of the Ca parts per thousand C bond in trifluoromethyl-substituted arylacetylenes ArCa parts per thousand CCF3 by the action of superacids (CF3SO3H or HSO3F) generates vinyl cations ArC+=CHCF3 which react with arenes Ar’H to give alkenes Ar(Ar’)C=CHCF3. Protonation of the latter at the C=C bond in the reaction medium yields stable cations Ar(Ar’)C+-CH2CF3 which are converted into E/Z-isomeric alkenes Ar(Ar’)C=CHCF3 and/or alcohols Ar(Ar’)C(OH)CH2CF3 as a result of quenching of superacid reaction solution.”
“A bioactivity guided fractionation of roots of Canthium multiflorum led to the isolation of the new ursenoic acid derivative 19-hydroxy-3-oxo-ursa-1,12-dien-28-oic acid (1), which showed antiplasmodial effect without inducing change of the shape of membranes of erythrocytes.”
“Iron deficiency anemia arises when the balance of iron intake, iron stores, and the body’s loss of iron are insufficient to fully support production of erythrocytes. Iron deficiency anemia rarely causes death, but the impact on human health is significant.

(C) RSNA, 2010″
“The authors describe a 5-year-old girl with a neurological

phenotype of 22q13 deletion syndrome (neonatal and persisting hypotonia, developmental delay, absence of language, decreased perception of pain) and minor dysmorphisms. Subtelomeric fluorescent in situ hybridization tests revealed de novo 22q13 monosomy and 2pter duplication. Numerous genetic and neurologic disorders PD98059 of childhood are characterized by congenital hypotonia. This muscle tone disorder is often one of the symptoms that a neurologist is asked to evaluate. Recent advances in genetic testing can help provide a specific diagnosis for children with this symptom. Subtelomeric deletions are a category of disorders of which hypotonia can be a prominent feature. Deletions of chromosome 22q13 are some of the most commonly observed terminal deletions in humans, whereas BI 6727 order duplications of chromosome 2p25.2 are very rare, and little is known about the phenotypic effect of these duplications. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this association has never been described before.”
“Proteins and peptides are complex macromolecules that are prone to change in their native structure during storage, which causes undesired side-effects after their

administration. During past decades, bioactive carriers have played an important role in stabilization of proteins. Incorporation of the protein and peptides into a particulate carrier can protect it

against degradation in vitro and in vivo, the release can be controlled, and it also offers possibilities for targeting. This review has focused on a wide range of bioactive carriers used in protein stabilization during long time storage. Bioactive carriers can protect the bioactives from degradation, resulting in increased bioavailability of protein.</.”
“Purpose: To compare the accuracy of biopsy with two-dimensional (2D) transrectal ultrasonography (US) with that of biopsy with conventional three-dimensional (3D) transrectal US and biopsy with guided 3D transrectal US in the guidance of repeat prostate biopsy procedures in a prostate biopsy simulator.

Materials and Methods: The institutional review board approved this retrospective study. Five residents and five experts CCI-779 in vivo performed repeat biopsies with a biopsy simulator that contained the transrectal US prostate images of 10 patients who had undergone biopsy. Simulated repeat biopsies were performed with 2D transrectal US, conventional 3D transrectal US, and guided 3D transrectal US (an extension of 3D transrectal US that enables active display of biopsy targets). The modalities were compared on the basis of time per biopsy and how accurately simulated repeat biopsies could be guided to specific targets. The probability for successful biopsy of a repeat target was calculated for each modality.

Results: Guided 3D transrectal US was significantly (P < .

“
“We describe flexible ureteroscopy-directed DNA Damage inhibitor retrograde nephrostomy access using a puncture wire to achieve renal access. This is a natural extension of modern retrograde intrarenal surgical techniques and a modernization of the original Lawson technique for retrograde nephrostomy tract creation. In appropriately selected patients, this approach is safe and permits reduced radiation exposure. We believe this technique is easy to learn and may overcome the difficult learning curve of antegrade nephrostomy techniques faced by urologists who have not undergone subspecialty training in endourology.”
“Unexpected

adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes (e.g., stillbirth, birth trauma, congenital anomalies) present a crisis for the family and the medical care team. In cases of stillbirth, the family physician should be flexible in supporting the parents’ choices, validate the loss, and work as a team with the nursing staff. Psychosocial support includes offering counseling services, assessing women for postpartum

depression and anxiety, and considering the effect of the loss on the entire family. Although infants with birth asphyxia or major anomalies may require transfer to facilities with a neonatal intensive care unit, the physician will usually provide ongoing care for the mother in the postpartum period. A comprehensive assessment can determine the etiology of fetal demise in most cases, which may guide future preconception and maternity care. Women with a previous adverse pregnancy outcome Selleck Panobinostat may have increased psychological stress in a subsequent pregnancy. Knowledge of community resources will facilitate care for the mother and her partner or family. Physicians may need to seek peer support to cope with their own feelings of loss. (Am Fam Physician. 2012;85(9):900-904. Copyright (C) 2012 American Academy of Family Physicians.)”
“The subcutaneous clinical variant of granuloma annulare (GA) is rare and tends to present more frequently in children, in locations unusual for conventional GA. Involvement of the penis is exceptional and has been rarely reported. Most cases are located in the shaft of the penis and tend to persist without spontaneous remission.

Diagnosis is done only after biopsy, and surgical resection of the lesions is not unusual. We report a new case of subcutaneous GA of the penis in a 13-year-old boy with lesions persistent for selleck products the past year. Surgical excision of one of them allowed the correct diagnosis. No further treatment was done, and the condition has not remitted 1 year later. We stress the importance of clinical recognition of unusual presentations of GA to avoid overtreatment of lesions that do not need an aggressive approach.”
“Purpose: To present our experience with the acute presentation of urolithiasis after laparoscopic renal denervation and nephropexy for intractable renal pain in the pediatric patient.

Patients and Methods: Five patients aged 8 to 16 years (mean age 11.

5% vs 37.9%, p = 0.013). This difference remained after adjusting for center and other covariates.

CONCLUSIONS: In center and risk adjusted analysis, young children who received an ABOi transplant had selleck compound equivalent one-year survival and freedom from rejection compared with those who received an ABOc transplant. In spite of the favorable outcome for ABOi recipients, many centers appear to reserve ABOi transplantation for sicker patients. These data mandate reexamination of the current United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) policy that gives priority to ABOc over ABOi transplantation in the United States. J Heart Lung Transplant 2012;31:173-9

(C) 2012 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. All rights reserved.”
“The results of a two-dimensional fluid simulation of a plasma display panel (PDP) cell show that the discharge characteristics of a coplanar dielectric barrier discharge can be controlled by SRT1720 manufacturer the electrode tilt angle rather than by the gas mixture ratio or gap distance. The change in the tilt angle results in a significant change in the wall charge distribution and the discharge duration for each

pulse. Therefore, the breakdown voltage, plasma density, light brightness, and luminous efficacy can be controlled by the tilt angle. A concave electrode structure allows large wall charge accumulation near the outer edge of two coplanar electrodes, and it results in a long-duration discharge, high luminance, and high luminous efficacy. LCL161 molecular weight On the other hand, a convex electrode structure allows high wall charge accumulation near the gap between two coplanar electrodes, and it results in a short-duration discharge with a decreased breakdown voltage. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3606407]“
“We report a case of metastatic mesothelioma presenting as an oral metastasis in a 46-year-old patient. The patient presented with 2 polypoid lesions that appeared to be benign on the dorsum of the tongue. Excisional biopsy showed the presence of metastatic carcinoma that on

further investigation proved to be mesothelioma. The initial presentation of mesothelioma as an oral metastasis is not previously reported. This article highlights the importance of biopsy and histopathological diagnosis in presumed benign lesions and the role of the general dental practitioner in screening for oral neoplasms. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2011;111:e21-e26)”
“BACKGROUND: Nearly 25% of patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) will require cardiac transplantation. Whether post-transplant outcomes differ among patients with PPCM compared with other recipients remains unsettled.

METHODS: The United Network for Organ Sharing database was queried for cardiac transplants, comparing characteristics and outcomes for PPCM, other women, and all others.

RESULTS: Between 1987 and 2010, 42,406 patients (9,419 women and 32,987 men) received a heart transplant.

The caregivers reported a mean EQ-VAS value of 61.9 +/- A 13.8 (range 40-100), with 10 caregivers rating their health status a score of 50 or lower; the controls scored significantly higher (90.3 +/- A 7.1; P < 0.0001).

The sample of caregivers we

studied was psychologically burdened to a significant degree, a fact that obviously deteriorates their QOL. Appropriate psychopharmacological interventions are warranted to reduce caregivers’ burden.”
“Background: Although low bone mineral density is highly prevalent in patients Doramapimod manufacturer with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the distribution of the reduced bone mass has not been fully elucidated.

Objectives: To determine regional bone mass loss in patients with COPD and investigate whether the change in distribution may be associated with body weight loss and functional capacity. Methods: Body mass index (BMI) was assessed, and height squared indices were derived for the bone mineral content index (BMCI) of the arms, legs and trunk by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 45 male patients with COPD and 12 age-and sex-matched control subjects. Pulmonary function tests were performed, and maximal oxygen uptake ((V) overdotO(2)max) was measured. Results: The BMCI was lower in the total bone, legs and trunk of patients with COPD than in control subjects, although the BMCI in the arms was similar between the groups. BMI correlated significantly SIS3 molecular weight with the BMCI in all 3 segments. Bone mineral content (BMC) in the trunk, expressed as a percentage of total BMC (BMC trunk/total BMC), correlated

significantly with BMI. The BMCI in the trunk was closely related with (V) over dotO(2)max but not with airflow limitation. Conclusions: There was a regional difference in BMC reduction, but Tipifarnib purchase a predominant reduction of bone mass in the trunk was not associated with the severity of airflow limitation but rather with body weight loss and exercise intolerance. These data suggest that body weight loss and exercise intolerance are important risk factors for vertebral fracture in patients with COPD. (C) 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“We show theoretically that Fabry-Perot semiconductor lasers using narrow asymmetric waveguides can offer much higher temperature stability of the lasing wavelength compared to structures with standard symmetrical waveguides. The mechanism of the low thermal sensitivity is the uniquely strong wavelength dependence of the confinement factor near the waveguide cutoff, which increases the blueshift of the modal gain peak with carrier density and helps offset the bandgap shrinkage with temperature.

Our goal is to help clinicians gain a better understanding of the actions of procoagulant

agents and of the disruptive CBL0137 mouse effects of serious systemic illnesses on the precarious hemostatic balance of infants.”
“The salicilydene-cefotaxime ligand (H2L), obtained from the condensation reaction of cefotaxime antibiotic with salicylaldehyde, and the mononuclear transition metal complexes [M(L)] (M(II) = Co, Ni, Cu and Zn), were synthesized and characterized on the basis of analytical and spectral data. The complexes were tested for their antibacterial activity against several bacterial strains such as Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 14990, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and the results are compared with the activity of commercial cefotaxime. The complexes are insoluble in water and common organic solvents but soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide.”
“Study Design. Biomechanical evaluation

of conventional and noninvasive halos in cadaveric C1-C2 and C5-C6 instability models.

Objective. To compare the ability of a conventional halo and noninvasive halo (NIH) to immobilize the unstable cervical spine at the C1-C2 and C5-C6 levels.

Summary of Background Data. Many successful outcomes have been reported in cervical spine injury treatment with the conventional halo ( CH); however, complications related to pin sites have been reported. The Selleckchem Stem Cell Compound Library NIH was designed to overcome

these complications. To date, no investigation has compared the biomechanical efficacy of the NIH with that of the CH in restricting three-dimensional cervical spine motion.

Methods. A global instability was created at the C1-C2 level in 4 cadavers and at C5-C6 in 4 others. Relative motion was measured between the superior and inferior vertebrae during the donning process, execution of the log roll technique, and during the process of sitting up. This testing sequence was followed for all treatment conditions.

Results. During the Selleck SC79 application of the orthoses there was a significant increase in motion at C1-C2 instability and a trend toward increased motion at the C5-C6 instability with CH compared with NIH. In the log roll maneuver, the CH and NIH restrict motion to a similar degree at the C1-C2 instability level, except in frontal plane translation, where CH immobilizes the segment to a greater extent. For the C5-C6 instability the CH provides significantly better immobilization for lateral bending and axial translation. No significant differences were found between the NIH and CH for the sit-up maneuver at either of the levels.

Conclusion. Donning of the NIH generates significantly less cervical spine motion than application of the CH. The CH provides superior immobilization for a C5-C6 instability during the log roll maneuver and a C1-C2 instability in the frontal plane during the log-roll maneuver.