The second-strand cDNA was

synthesized with DNA polymerase I. Short fragments were purified with QiaQuick PCR extraction kit (Qiagen), and then were sequenced under the Illumina HiSeq™ 2000 platform at Shenzhen BGI. The full sequencing technical details can be inspected in the services of BGI (http://​www.​genomics.​cn). This yielded approximately six million 90-bp pair-end reads for each sample (Table 1). Then pair-end reads were mapped to the Prochlorococcus MED4 genome (accession number: NC_005072) using Bowtie2 [60] with at most one mismatch. The coverage of each nucleotide was calculated by counting the number of reads mapped at corresponding nucleotide ACP-196 price positions in the genome. The number of reads that were perfectly mapped to a gene region was calculated using BEDTools [61], and then it was normalized by gene length and total mapped Selleck 4SC-202 reads, namely RPKM as the gene expression value [26]. The gene annotations for Prochlorococcus MED4 were downloaded from MicrobesOnline [62] with modifications for non-annotated

genes that were designated “HyPMM#”. New ORFs identified in this study were annotated with “TibPMM#” (Sheet 2 of Additional file 3). Sequences generated by this study are available in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) under accession number GSE49517. Identification of operons and UTRs Using a priori knowledge of the translation start and stop site from Additional file 3, the coverage of ORF upstream and downstream regions was scanned to identify a point of sharp coverage

decline. To define the boundary, we applied criteria modified from Vijayan et al.[24]. Briefly, a transcript’s boundary (translation start or stop site was defined as i = 0, and “i + 1” is the upstream or downstream of position “i”) was defined when position “i” satisfied one of the following three criteria: (1) coverage(i)/coverage(i + 1) ≥ 2, binomialcdf (coverage(i + 1), coverage(i) + coverage(i + 1), 0.5) < 0.01 and coverage(i + 1) > coverage(i:(i-89))/(90 × 7); (2) Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase coverage(i)/coverage(i + 1) ≥ 5 or coverage(i)/coverage(i + 2) ≥ 5, and coverage(i + 1) < coverage(i:(i-89))/(90 × 7); (3) coverage(i + 1) ≤ background. Where binomialcdf (x, n, p) is the probability of observing up to x successes in n independent trials when success probability for each trial is p. We assumed reads were uniformly distributed on position “i” and “i + 1” (p = 0.5). If a sharp coverage reduction occurred, coverage(i + 1) would be much smaller than coverage(i); that was, the success of coverage(i + 1) became a small probability event in the events of all reads mapped to “i” and “i + 1” (binomialcdf < 0.01). The strictest criterion (1) was used for highly transcribed genes.

schenckii. Conclusion We have shown the presence of a new G protein α subunit in S. schenckii, SSG-2. The cDNA sequence EPZ6438 of the ssg-2 gene encoded a 355 amino acid Gα subunit of 40.90 kDa containing the 5 consensus domains present in all Gα subunits. The genomic sequence has four introns, whose positions are conserved in the other fungal homologues of this gene. Yeast two-hybrid analysis using the complete amino acid sequence of SSG-2 identified a PLA2 homologue as an interacting partner of this G protein subunit. This 846 amino acid protein was encoded by an intronless

gene. The 92.62 kDa protein encoded by this gene contained all the domains and amino acid residues that characterize cytosolic phospholipase A2. PLA2 and other phospholipases in fungi have very diverse roles not only as virulence factors but also in membrane homeostasis and signal transduction. Inhibitor studies showed that this PLA2 homologue and its interaction with SSG-2 were necessary

for the re-entry of S. schenckii yeast cells into the budding cycle suggesting a role for this important virulence factor in the control of dimorphism in this fungus and for the expression of the yeast form. The effects of PLA2 on the yeast cell cycle could be viewed as resulting from the generation of lipid messenger molecules or from membrane remodelling that affects the G1->S transition and G protein activity. The relationship reported here between these two proteins, SSG-2 and SSPLA2, constitutes CB-839 nmr the first report of the interaction of a fungal phospholipase and a G protein subunit and the possible involvement of G protein in fungal virulence and morphogenesis. Methods Strains and culture conditions S. schenckii (ATCC 58251) was used for all experiments. The yeast form of this fungus was obtained as described [2]. S. cerevisiae strains AH109 and Y187 were supplied with the MATCHMAKER Two-Hybrid System 3 (Clontech Laboratories Inc., Palo Alto, CA). Nucleic acids isolation DNA and RNA

Clomifene were obtained from S. schenckii yeast cells as described previously using the methods of Sherman [58], and Chomczynski & Sacchi [59], respectively. Poly A+ RNA was obtained from total RNA using the mRNA Purification Kit from Amersham Biosciences (Piscataway, NJ, USA). Sequencing the ssg-2 gene Polymerase chain Reaction and Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) S. schenckii DNA (100 ng) was used as template for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers (100–200 ng) targeted to conserved motifs in Gα subunits. The primers used were: GESGKST (fw) 5′ ggtgc(c/t)ggtga(a/g)tc(a/c)gg(a/t)aa(a/g)tc 3′; KWIHCF (rev) 5′ aagcag tgaatccacttc 3′; TQATDT (rev) 5′gtatcggtagcttgggtc 3′; MGACMS (fw) 5′ atggg ggcttgcatgagt 3′ and KDSGIL (rev) 5′ taggataccggaatctttg 3′.

g., tungstate waste) from the cell [19]. In TolC mutants or efflux mutants of E. coli, the overexpression of spy, which encodes a periplasmic Selleck Epacadostat chaperone, depends on the BaeRS and CpxARP stress response systems [20]. A genome-wide analysis of E. coli gene expression showed that BaeR overproduction activates genes

involved in multidrug transport, flagellum biosynthesis, chemotaxis, and maltose transport [21]. Furthermore, BaeSR is also able to activate the transcription of the yegMNOB (mdtABCD) transporter gene cluster in E. coli and increases its resistance to novobiocin and deoxycholate [22]. Because there is a potential similarity in the biological functions of mdtABCD in E. coli and adeABC in A. baumannii,

we here explore the role of BaeSR in the regulation of the transporter gene adeAB in A. baumannii and report Selleckchem Defactinib the positive regulation of these factors, which leads to increased tigecycline resistance. Results Sequence analysis of the AdeAB efflux pump and the BaeR/BaeS TCS A search of the GenBank database (http://​www.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​genbank) revealed that, similar to other strains of A. baumannii, the ATCC 17978 strain contains sequences encoding the AdeABC-type RND efflux pump. There are two adeA genes (A1S_1751 and A1S_1752) and one adeB gene (A1S_1750) in the genome; however, no adeC gene was found. AdeB is a transmembrane component with two conserved domains: the hydrophobe/amphiphile efflux-1 (HAE1) family signature and a domain www.selleck.co.jp/products/pembrolizumab.html conserved within the protein export membrane protein SecD_SecF.

Both AdeA proteins are inner membrane fusion proteins with biotin-lipoyl-like conserved domains. We designated A1S_1751 as AdeA1 and A1S_1752 as AdeA2 for differentiation. The A. baumannii ATCC 17978 gene A1S_2883 encoded a protein of 228 amino acids. Sequence alignments of A. baumannii A1S_2883 with BaeR homologs in other bacteria showed that A1S_2883 shared 64.6% similarity with BaeR of E. coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655 and 65.2% similarity with BaeR of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium str. LT2 (Figure  1A). In addition, protein analysis using Prosite (http://​prosite.​expasy.​org/​) predicted that A. baumannii A1S_2883 contained a response regulatory domain at amino acid residues 3 to 115 and a phosphorylation site at amino acid residue 51 (aspartate). Therefore, the role of A1S_2883 may be similar to that of BaeR in other bacterial species; thus, we have designated A1S_2883 as BaeR in A. baumannii. Figure 1 Sequence alignment of BaeR and BaeS from Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 17978 and other bacteria. (A) Sequence alignments of A. baumannii A1S_2883 with BaeR homologs in other bacteria revealed that A1S_2883 shares 64.6% similarity with BaeR of Escherichia coli and 65.2% similarity with BaeR of Salmonella LT2. (B) A1S_2884 shares 48.

However, we do not exclude the possibility that

the recombinant plasmid carrying host may be less fit compared to the wild-type plasmid carrying host over a longer duration of competition. Inactivation of the six loci also had no effect on the ability of host bacterial cells to form a biofilm (Table 1), suggesting that the selected genes do not contribute to the bacterial host’s ability to do so. These data are in contrast to the 4SC-202 nmr findings of Dudley et al. (2006) who showed that inactivation of pilS on the IncK plasmid, pSERB1, reduced the host bacterium’s ability to form a biofilm by up to 50%, strongly suggesting a role in biofilm formation for the pSERB1 thin pilus [13]. It maybe that other plasmid encoded factors NVP-LDE225 price allow for the differences in the ability of the host to form a biofilm, or that the effects on biofilm formation are host specific and only seen under particular environmental conditions. Inactivation of the putative sigma factor (pCT_066) had no detectable effect under any of the conditions tested, suggesting no role in plasmid dissemination or modulation of host bacterial fitness. Further investigation, including transcriptomic experiments are required to determine whether this sigma factor can affect the expression of plasmid or host chromosomal genes and whether our assays were not sufficiently sensitive to detect any subtle effects of removing this

gene. Conclusions In conclusion, we postulate that the success of this plasmid is due to a combination of subtle factors rather than one particular gene or phenotypic benefit conferred to host strains. These factors include stability within a range of bacterial hosts (due in part to the presence Acyl CoA dehydrogenase of numerous genes involved in plasmid stability), a lack of a fitness burden conferred to new

host strains allowing establishment of the plasmid in new hosts (shown previously) [18], and proficient conjugation allowing dissemination of pCT to a range of bacterial hosts in both liquid and on solid media. Although it is conventional to believe that the prudent use of antibiotic therapy would reduce the spread and dissemination of antibiotic resistance gene harbouring plasmids, our previous data have suggested otherwise [18]. We have also shown the pCT backbone to be robust in its persistence and not reliant on any single loci tested. This means that the reduction in selection pressures will not always reduce the numbers of bacteria carrying such plasmids with antibiotic resistance genes, and re-exposure to antibiotics will likely amplify the numbers of these antibiotic resistant strains. There is still much to learn about the complex nature of plasmid and bacterial host strain interactions with regard to plasmid functions, such as conjugation, stability and the overall evolutionary fitness of plasmids with their host in different conditions.

We observed SC79 a 74%

decrease in the adjusted odds of fracture in the 30- to <36-month period compared with the first 6-month period (p < 0.001). The change in back pain occurred quickly, with the greatest change in the first 3 months of treatment, and was maintained during the 18-month post-teriparatide period. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and to identify the best post-teriparatide treatment strategies for maintaining or even improving the beneficial effects of teriparatide therapy in the long term. Acknowledgements This study was supported by a research grant from Lilly. The authors thank all physicians and patients participating in EFOS. The authors also thank Christine Jones, Lilly Germany, for the central study coordination. Deirdre Elmhirst helped in the preparation of the manuscript. Conflicts Quisinostat molecular weight of interest JB Walsh has been involved in studies in osteoporosis drugs produced by Merck Sharp and Dohme (MSD), Nycomed, Servier and Lilly, and has served on Advisory groups organised by MSD, Lilly, Proctor and Gamble, Servier and Bristol-Myers-Squibb. F Marin, A Barrett and C Barker are Lilly employees. Open Access

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Electronic supplementary material Below isothipendyl is the link to the electronic supplementary material. Fig. S1 Persistence

with teriparatide treatment in the total study cohort and post-teriparatide cohort (PDF 8 kb) References 1. Cockerill W, Lunt M, Silman AJ, Cooper C, Lips P, Bhalla AK, Cannata JB, Eastell R, Felsenberg D, Gennari C, Johnell O, Kanis JA, Kiss C, Masaryk P, Naves M, Poor G, Raspe H, Reid DM, Reeve J, Stepan J, Todd C, Woolf AD, O’Neill TW (2004) Health-related quality of life and radiographic vertebral fracture. Osteoporos Int 15:113–119PubMedCrossRef 2. Cooper C, Jakob F, Chinn C, Martin-Mola E, Fardellone P, Adami S, Thalassinos NC, Melo-Gomes J, Torgerson D, Gibson A, Marin F (2008) Fracture incidence and changes in quality of life in women with an inadequate clinical outcome from osteoporosis therapy: the Observational Study of Severe Osteoporosis (OSSO). Osteoporos Int 19:493–501PubMedCrossRef 3. Francis RM, Aspray TJ, Hide G, Sutcliffe AM, Wilkinson P (2008) Back pain in osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Osteoporos Int 19:895–903PubMedCrossRef 4. Gold DT (1996) The clinical impact of vertebral fractures: quality of life in women with osteoporosis. Bone 18(Suppl 3):185–189CrossRef 5. Johnell O, Kanis JA (2006) An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures.

The confidence interval in RH measuring bar restricted by equipment accuracy was no worse than ±1% and in temperature measuring bar ±0.5°C. Results and discussion Bulk dielectric MgAl2O4 ceramics, which are used for the preparation of humidity-sensitive thick-film layers, are characterized by tri-modal pore size

distributions (Figure 2). This distribution covers the charge-transferring micro/nanopores (the first peak centered near 4 nm) depending on sintering conditions, water-exchange inside-delivering or communication mesopores (the second peak centered near 65 nm), and water-exchange outside-delivering macropores (the third peak centered near 350 nm) depending on the specific surface area of milled MM-102 cost MgO-Al2O3 powder [24]. According to Kelvin equation [25], for capillary condensation processes of humidity in ceramics and their thick film at room temperature in the investigated range of RH (20% to 99%), the cylindrical pores with a radius from 1 to 20 nm are required. Meso- and macropores with radius more than 20 nm (the second and third

peaks) are not involved in the capillary condensation process, but they ensure the effective transfer of water into ceramic bulk. Thus, the presence of pores in each area provides effective adsorption and desorption humidity processes in material bulk. Figure 2 Pore size distributions for humidity-sensitive MgAl 2 O 4 ceramics sintered at 1,300°C for 5 h. As it follows from visual inspection of SEM images shown in Figure 3, the microstructure of humidity-sensitive ceramics is {Selleck Anti-cancer Compound Library|Selleck Anticancer Compound Library|Selleck Anti-cancer Compound Library|Selleck Anticancer Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-cancer Compound Library|Selleckchem Anticancer Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-cancer Compound Library|Selleckchem Anticancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library|buy Anti-cancer Compound Library|Anti-cancer Compound Library ic50|Anti-cancer Compound Library price|Anti-cancer Compound Library cost|Anti-cancer Compound Library solubility dmso|Anti-cancer Compound Library purchase|Anti-cancer Compound Library manufacturer|Anti-cancer Compound Library research buy|Anti-cancer Compound Library order|Anti-cancer Compound Library mouse|Anti-cancer Compound Library chemical structure|Anti-cancer Compound Library mw|Anti-cancer Compound Library molecular weight|Anti-cancer Compound Library datasheet|Anti-cancer Compound Library supplier|Anti-cancer Compound Library in vitro|Anti-cancer Compound Library cell line|Anti-cancer Compound Library concentration|Anti-cancer Compound Library nmr|Anti-cancer Compound Library in vivo|Anti-cancer Compound Library clinical trial|Anti-cancer Compound Library cell assay|Anti-cancer Compound Library screening|Anti-cancer Compound Library high throughput|buy Anticancer Compound Library|Anticancer Compound Library ic50|Anticancer Compound Library price|Anticancer Compound Library cost|Anticancer Compound Library solubility dmso|Anticancer Compound Library purchase|Anticancer Compound Library manufacturer|Anticancer Compound Library research buy|Anticancer Compound Library order|Anticancer Compound Library chemical structure|Anticancer Compound Library datasheet|Anticancer Compound Library supplier|Anticancer Compound Library in vitro|Anticancer Compound Library cell line|Anticancer Compound Library concentration|Anticancer Compound Library clinical trial|Anticancer Compound Library cell assay|Anticancer Compound Library screening|Anticancer Compound Library high throughput|Anti-cancer Compound high throughput screening| characterized by grains, grain boundaries, and pores. The grains are integrated into agglomerates. Spherical and cylinder pores are located near the grain boundaries. Average grain size for these ceramics is approximately 300 – 500 nm. Figure 3 SEM micrograph of MgAl 2 O 4 ceramics sintered at 1,300°C for 5 h (1 – grain, 2 – grain boundaries, 3 – pore). Typical pore size distribution for temperature-sensitive bulk ceramics Racecadotril are shown in Figure 4. It differs significantly from the pore size distribution for humidity-sensitive ceramics. This distribution covers

only charge-transferring pores centered near 3.5 and 5.5 nm. But the amount of such pores is higher in comparison with MgAl2O4 ceramics. Figure 4 Typical pore size distributions for temperature-sensitive ceramics. In respect to the SEM data, the microstructure of temperature-sensitive ceramics is characterized by separate pores with 1 to 3 μm in sizes (Figure 5). White NiO film appears as bright layer of 10-μm thickness on the grain surface of these samples. The grain structure of ceramics attains monolithic shape. Individual pores of relatively large sizes (near 3 to 5 μm) are observed in these ceramics, the NiO appearing as uniform layer on the whole ceramic surface. The observed additional NiO phase is non-uniformly distributed within ceramic bulk, being more clearly pronounced near the grain boundaries [12]. Figure 5 Morphological structure of Cu 0.1 Ni 0.8 Co 0.

In contrast, Verdijk et al. investigated the impact of

the protein, casein hydrolysate, on muscle hypertrophy in healthy untrained elderly men [34]. Researchers randomly assigned 28 elderly men to consume either a protein supplement or a placebo pre- and post-workout. Subjects performed a 12-week resistance weight-training program requiring weightlifting 3 d .wk-1. NVP-BSK805 concentration Baseline and ending measurements were obtained, including strength assessments, CT scans, DXA scans, blood samples, 24-hour urine samples, muscle biopsies, and immunohistochemistry tests. Results indicated no differences in ending measurements between the protein group and placebo group in muscle hypertrophy, strength, or body composition [34], suggesting that for elderly men, intake of 20 g casein hydrolysate before and after resistance training

does not increase muscle hypertrophy or strength. MEK inhibitor In this study, however, only 20 g of casein was used, and it was divided into two servings. This protocol would not have provided participants with the required 3 g of leucine needed to maximize protein synthesis. Additionally, since casein is slow digesting [44, 45], it may not have been ideal for use in a study of elderly men. Future studies with this population should incorporate whey protein, which is highly bioavailable in an amount that would provide at least 3 g leucine [29, 30]. Studies comparing the effects of supplementation with adequate protein and those with creatine-enhanced protein pre-and post-workout also should be conducted to determine whether creatine is needed to produce the desired outcomes, as has been demonstrated in younger men [33] (See Table 2). The long-term use of whey protein pre- and post- resistance exercise was investigated

by Hulmi et al. [35], by assigning participants to one of three groups:1) 15 g of whey protein before and after resistance exercise, 2) a placebo before and after resistance exercise, or 3) no supplement no participation in weightlifting but continued habitual exercise as they did prior to the study. Participants in the first two groups completed two resistance exercise sessions per week for 21 weeks consisting of both upper Fenbendazole and lower body multi-joint lifts. All participants then had biopsies performed on their vastus lateralis. Results indicated that the whey protein group had significantly greater increases than the other groups in vastus lateralis hypertrophy, and greater overall muscle hypertrophy [35]. These findings provide evidence that whey protein supplementation pre- and post-workout is useful in increasing muscle hypertrophy. Andersen et al. examined the effects of a mixed blend of proteins on muscle strength and muscle fiber size [36].

This indicates that the internal interface between the two GaAsBi regions of different Bi contents is highly perturbed and prevents the free flow of photo-excited carriers. At RT, the PL emission peaks are

dominated by band-to-band transitions, and hence, the PL peak energies can be tentatively correlated to the Bi composition of the material. From the Kinase Inhibitor Library cost relationship between band gap energy and Bi composition established by Usman et al. [28] the PL peaks of S100 at 1,108 and 980 nm correspond to a Bi content of approximately 5.1% and approximately 2.6%, respectively. Similarly, the main peak of S25 at 1,057 nm corresponds to a Bi content of approximately 4.2%. This indicates that the maximum Bi content of S100 is higher than S25, despite nominally identical flux ratios were used Z-IETD-FMK chemical structure during growth. This discrepancy is believed to be due to an inherent error in the temperature calibration that resulted in S100 being grown approximately 15°C lower than S25 and not a result of the thinner overall layer thickness. Despite the difference in the absolute peak position, the RT-PL spectra of both samples exhibit a similar envelope comprising (1) a high-wavelength tail and (2) a lower wavelength shoulder. This asymmetric emission indicates that both

spectra are formed from the superposition of at least three individual PL peaks. It is therefore possible that the shape of the PL spectra corresponds to structural or compositional features that are present in both samples, whereas the distinct lower energy peak in S100 corresponds to a feature not present in S25. Structural and compositional TEM old In order to find an explanation of the PL spectra, TEM studies were carried out by diverse techniques. Low-magnification CTEM images acquired using different diffraction conditions sensitive to defects (not shown in this paper) revealed defect-free epilayers in the electron-transparent area of sample S25 and some isolated dislocations in sample S100. Thus, the RT-PL

intensity of both samples is nominally identical despite the presence of threading dislocations in S100; however, their presence at the internal-interface may explain the splitting of the PL peaks in S100. The physical origin of the each of the PL peaks requires further analysis. HAADF-STEM images were used to study the distribution of bismuth in the GaAsBi layers. Interpretation of this kind of image (also called Z-contrast images) is relatively straightforward, since the contrast is roughly proportional to the square of the atomic number at constant sample thickness [29, 30]. Hence, for the case of a ternary alloy where bismuth is the only variable element, brighter contrast should in principle be associated with higher Bi content. Z-contrast images (Figure 2a,b) showed uniform GaAs1−x Bi x layer widths in both samples, corresponding to the nominal ones.

300 μl bacteria suspension was added

per well. Bacteria were centrifuged onto the macrophages for 5 min at 500 × g and phagocytosis of the bacteria were allowed for 25 min at 37°C. After infection, macrophages were washed two times with PBS and residual extracellular bacteria were killed by the learn more addition of 100 μg ml-1 gentamicin dissolved in DMEM for 1 h at 37°C. Subsequently, 15 μg × ml-1gentamicin in DMEM was added for the remaining infection period. Depending on the experiment, the infected cells were lysed or fixed various times points post infection as described below. Intracellular replication assay and quantitative analyses of SPI2 effector translocation In order to assess intracellular replication, 2 × 105 macrophages were seeded and a MOI of 1 was used for infection. 2 h and 16 h post infection, the infected cells were washed twice with PBS and lysed with 500 μl of 0.1% Triton X-100 10 min at RT. The lysates were adjusted to 1 ml with PBS and serial

dilutions were plated onto MH plates in order to determine the colony forming units (CFU) of viable bacteria. The x-fold intracellular replication was defined by calculating the ratios of CFU counts at 16 h and 2 h after infection. Quantification of intracellular SPI2 effector translocation was carried out as described previously [27]. Briefly, about 8 × 105 macrophages were infected with various Salmonella strains all harboring a chromosomal SseJ200-luciferase reporter fusion protein at a MOI of 10. 8 h and 14 h post infection, respectively, lysis of infected cells was performed for 15 min with shaking at RT using 100 μl of eukaryotic lysis SIS3 buffer (#1669893, Roche). 10 μl lysate was used for preparation of various dilution series in PBS that were plated onto MH plates in order to count intracellular cfu. The remaining lysate was centrifuged at maximal speed for 3 min in a table top centrifuge (1-13, Sigma). Triplicates of 25 μl supernatant were applied to 96 well microtiter plates (Microfluor, Dynatech) and 50 μl luciferase reagent was added directly http://www.selleck.co.jp/products/DAPT-GSI-IX.html before the measurement was started. Luciferase activity of translocated SseJ-Luc effector

protein was measured using a TopCount instrument (PerkinElmer) and expressed as Relative Light Units (RLU). The RLU per intracellular bacterium was calculated to adapt differences in replication. Immunofluorescence analyses of intracellular SseB expression and secretion For immuno-staining of SseB on the bacterial surface or within the bacterial cytosol after infection of macrophages the method of Schlumberger et al. [24] was applied. Briefly, macrophages were seeded on cover slips in 24 well plates at a density of 1 × 105 cells and infection was conducted at a MOI of 25. 6 h post infection, the medium was removed and the infected macrophages were fixed directly with 4% para-formaldehyde (PFA) and 4% sucrose in PBS for 20 min at RT.

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