These patients were asymptomatic and no further intervention was required postoperatively. After 8-25 months follow-up (mean 15.3 months), solid fusion was demonstrated by computed tomography. All cases got well-sagittal alignment and no angulation or dislocation was found at the segment of C2-C3. There was no loss of
fixation. Clinical examination showed a full range of motion in the neck in all patients.
The fluoroscopically assisted percutaneous C2 transpedicular screw fixation method is a technically feasible and minimally invasive technique for hangman’s fracture.”
“Purpose of review
To outline recent advances in our understanding of the role of B cells in transplantation.
Recent findings
While T-cell-mediated alloimmunity has been largely controlled using immunosuppression, KPT-8602 nmr the role of B cells in transplantation is just beginning to be understood. Recent NVP-BSK805 inhibitor studies have outlined some of the important clinical issues involving antibody including early acute humoral rejection and late transplant glomerulopathy. In addition, recent studies have identified bone-marrow-derived long-lived plasma cells that appear to be a major source of donor-specific
alloantibody in sensitized renal transplant recipients. New agents are being tested that deplete these cells in vitro and in vivo. Memory B cells appear to be important in early acute humoral rejection, but few basic studies have been performed. Finally, recent studies involving patients undergoing tolerogenic regimens suggest that T-cell tolerance does not always convey tolerance in naive B cells.
Summary
Several
B cell types have clear and specific roles in Barasertib ic50 transplant recipients. Although our understanding of B cells in transplantation has improved, important gaps remain.”
“General practitioners refer patients with continued neck pain that do not respond well to conservative care frequently to secondary care for further assessment. Are surgical interventions to the cervical spine effective when compared to conservative care for patients with neck pain?
Systematic review.
The search strategy outlined by the Cochrane Back Review Group (CBRG) was followed. The primary search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, CENTRAL, and PEDro up to June 2011. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) of adults with neck pain, which evaluated at least one clinically relevant primary outcome measure (e.g. pain, functional status, recovery), were included. In addition, treatments had to include surgery and conservative care. Two authors independently assessed risk of bias using the criteria recommended by the CBRG and extracted the data. The quality of the evidence was rated using the GRADE method.
Patients included had neck pain with or without radiculopathy or myelopathy.