The three baseline factors independently associated with renal atrophy (identified by the univariate Cox proportional analysis) were systolic hypertension, severity of RAS and diminished renal cortical blood flow velocity. A 1.9-fold and 1.6-fold

increase in I-BET-762 supplier the risk of renal atrophy was associated with every 20 mmHg increase in systolic BP and 10 mmHg increase in diastolic BP, respectively, at the follow-up examinations. The use of ACE inhibitors at baseline showed no significant association with renal atrophy even in kidneys with significant stenosis. There was no significant association between the presence of accessory renal arteries and a decreased risk of atrophy. Finally, the mean change in serum creatinine concentration was +7 µmol/L per year and +29 µmol/L per year in participants with atrophy detected in one kidney and both kidneys, respectively. In an observational series of patients with ARVD using intravenous pyelography, Dean et al. demonstrated a stability (<5% reduction) in renal sizes in 37% of patients,

mild to moderate decrease (5–9%) in 26% of patients and significant (>10%) reduction in kidney length (equated to 30% decrease in renal mass) in 37% of patients.10 This study supports the hypothesis that ARVD could be associated with progressive renal atrophy. However, there was little data relating renal atrophy to degree of baseline stenosis. The study by Schreiber et al. used angiographic images for kidney sizes and reported a reduction in renal size in 70% of patients Smad inhibitor with progressive ARVD compared with 13% in those with stable stenosis (P < 0.001). However,

there is little information about the side of the stenosis, the side of renal atrophy and correlation between them.9 A number Nitroxoline of longitudinal studies have demonstrated a decline in kidney function over time in patients with ARVD. Schreiber et al. reported change in serum creatinine in different categories of baseline stenosis (<50%, 50–75%, 75–99% and 100%) over a mean follow-up period of 52 months. An increase in serum creatinine levels was seen in 54% of patients with progressive disease (defined as change from one category of stenosis to a category of higher grade stenosis), while an increase was observed in only 25% of patients without evidence of angiographic progression.9 However, these data are limited by the use of serum creatinine, which is a poor indicator of individual kidney function as a marker of renal function. Chabova et al. in a retrospective cohort study at the Mayo Clinic, looked at 68 patients with angiographically proven high-grade stenosis (>70%) over a mean period of 38.9 months. Serum creatinine rose from 124 µmol/L to 176 µmol/L for the entire group. This result was skewed by 10 patients (14.7%), 6 of whom developed end-stage kidney disease.