The main CTX-M enzymes identified in E. coil from cattle, chicken and turkeys were 14 and 15, 1 and 15, and 1 and 14 respectively. Most isolates from different animal species transferred their plasmids with similar frequencies. The plasmid replicon type I1-lambda. was most common and seen in 23%, 95% and 50% of the isolates tested from cattle, chickens and turkeys respectively, whilst types F, FIA, FIB and K were common to isolates

from cattle and turkeys only. Thirty-eight different antibiotic resistance genes were detected by micro-array including aad genes, bla(CTX-M), bla(TEM), cat genes dfrA, floR, strA, strB, sul, sul2 tetA and tetB. Thirty-nine click here different fitness and virulence genes were also detected by-micro-array, including espP, ireA, IpfA, mchF, prfB and tsh. Fisher exact test and hierarchical clustering

of the antibiotic resistance and virulence gene results showed some genes were more commonly associated with isolates from chickens or cattle. This PX-478 cost study provides a baseline of the characteristics of CTX-M E. coli isolates from animals in Great Britain and suggests that chicken and cattle CTX-M E. coli represent different populations. Crown Copyright (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is an important water-soluble polymer. Its many applications (e.g., textile sizing, dispersants, and adhesives) greatly depend on its water solubility selleck chemicals llc and particularly on its dissolution rate in water. In this study, urea, combined with methanol, was adopted to improve the water solubility of PVA. The structures, properties, and dissolving mechanism of the modified PVA were studied with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, NMR, laser light scattering, differential scanning calorimetry,

and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. The results showed that through specific chemical reactions between PVA and Urea in methanol, isocyanate and methyl carbamate groups were generated on the lateral chains of PVA. These large side groups could effectively expand PVA macromolecular chains and hence increase their intermolecular distance, weaken the intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds of PVA, change the aggregation structure of PVA, and decrease its lattice energy and crystallinity. In addition, the isocyanate groups on the PVA macromolecular chains strongly interacted with water. All these effects benefited the water solubility of PVA. Therefore, the dissolution rate of the modified PVA increased by 50%, versus that of the neat PVA, and the quality of the modified PVA aqueous solution was improved quite a bit. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals Inc.