The ejaculates were pooled and diluted with five different extenders namely Tris (T), sodium citrate (SC), milk-powder (M), glucose phosphate (GP) extenders of which include egg-yolk, and AndroMed (R) (A) egg-yolk free diluent. Being preserved at 4 degrees C, the spermatological

properties were daily evaluated until no motile spermatozoon was observed. It was observed that certain spermatological properties of ram semen were in optimal range. After dilution process, all spermatological parameters were influenced by the storage time and extenders (P < 0.01). However the extenders had no effect on primary find more spermatological parameters of ram semen. Contrary to the gradual decrease in spermatozoa motility and hypoosmotic swelling test (HOST) value, the dead and abnormal spermatozoa rates increased gradually during the storage period. In addition, significant correlations were found between the spermatozoa motility and HOST and dead and abnormal spermatozoa rates (r: 0.8, r: -0.8, and r: -0.9, respectively, P < 0.01). In conclusion, the spermatological features of ram semen diluted with T and SC and preserved at 4 C for a short term was found to be better preserved in

a longer period than that of diluted by M, A and GP.”
“BACKGROUND: Despite the evidence and availability of numerous validated pain assessment tools and pain management strategies for infants and children, their use remains inconsistent in clinical practice.\n\nOBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence NF-��B inhibitor of pain, pain assessment and pain management practices at a tertiary pediatric hospital in Canada.\n\nMETHODS: The cross-sectional study design involved a combination of interviews with children and/or caregivers, and chart audits in five inpatient units. Information regarding pain intensity, painful procedures and pain management strategies was obtained from children and/or click here caregivers by interview. Patient charts were reviewed for information regarding pain assessment, pain scores, and pharmacological

and nonpharmacological interventions.\n\nRESULTS: Sixty-two children (four days to 17 years of age) participated. Most children or their caregivers (n=51 [84%]) reported that pain was experienced during their hospitalization, with 40 (66%) reporting their worst pain as moderate or severe. Almost one-half reported analgesics were administered before or during their most recent painful procedure. Nineteen (32%) reported sucrose, topical anesthetics or nonpharmacological interventions were used; however, they were documented in only 17% of charts. Pain scores were documented in 34 (55%) charts in the previous 24 h. The majority of the children or their caregiver (n=44 [71%]) were satisfied with pain management at the study hospital.\n\nCONCLUSIONS: Most infants and children had experienced moderate or severe pain during their hospitalization.