Samples are annealed between the growth temperature (as low as 200 degrees C) and

approximately 400 degrees C. This temperature range is reported to improve the Curie temperature, which is important for the spintronic applications of these materials. Quantitative diffusion information is obtained by calibrating the Mn concentration to ion-implanted standards and the depth scale to profilometry measurements. Depth profiles obtained for ion-implanted Mn in GaAs at a dose of 1.35 x 10(15) atoms/cm(2) show increased Mn concentration within the top 5 nm of the sample but otherwise reveal no significant differences in the implantation shape after annealing up to 350 degrees C. For a higher implantation dose of 8.10 x 10(15) Mn atoms/cm(2), diffusion

is initiated after annealing at 300 degrees C with more significant diffusion at higher temperatures. Selleck SRT2104 The analysis of annealed epitaxial films of even higher concentration (Ga(0.89)Mn(0.11)As) exhibits diffusion at all temperatures measured (200-400 degrees C) and an activation energy of 0.67 +/- 0.09 eV is calculated by fitting the profiles to an error function. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3200961]“
“This work aimed to detect and study natural co-infection of Circoviridae torque teno virus (TTV) and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) in the swine reproductive apparatus. Semen and organs from 17 boars were tested by nested and real-time PCR. PCV2 was amplified from semen (47%), lymph nodes (84.6%) and testicles (35.3%). TTV2 was amplified

from 16/17 testis and 13/13 lymph nodes. PXD101 in vitro TTV1 DNA was detected in fewer testicle samples (2/17), which were also TTV2 positive. Analyzed ovaries, SBE-β-CD in vivo follicular fluid and uteri of 83 culled sows showed TTV2, TTV1 and PCV2 from 49.3%, 30.1% and 6.0% of the sows, respectively. Sperm analysis indicated insignificant differences between PCV2 and TIVs positive and negative boars. The most frequent pathologic lesion in sows was endometritis (28.9%), but this was unassociated with PCV2 or TTVs detection. These findings question the importance of PCV2 and TTV2 natural co-infection in the pathology of porcine reproductive failures. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“As health care providers, we find ourselves on the verge of a new era in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. A number of directly acting antiviral agents are now in the latter stages of clinical development. The more promising candidates include direct inhibitors of the HCV nonstructural 3 protease, as well as both nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitors of the NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Although these agents have demonstrated potent antiviral effect, monotherapy has been complicated by rapid virological breakthrough due to the selection of drug-resistant mutants. As for HIV and HBV, combination therapy will therefore be necessary.