P. and J.L. were recipients of a graduate fellowship provided by the MEST through the Brain Korea 21 Project. “
“Host immune pressure and associated immune evasion of pathogenic bacteria are key features of host-pathogen co-evolution. A previous study showed that human T-cell epitopes Torin 1 cost of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are evolutionarily hyperconserved and thus it was deduced that M. tuberculosis lacks antigenic variation and immune evasion. Here, we

selected 173 clinical M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) isolates from China, amplified the genes encoding Rv2945c and Rv0309, and compared the sequences. The results showed that genetic diversity existed in these two genes among the MTBC strains and two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) presented higher polymorphisms. Antigen Rv2945c harbored a higher number of amino acid substitutions of its T-cell epitopes, which may reflect ongoing

immune evasion. In addition, the high dN/dS value of Rv0309 suggested antigen Rv0309 might be involved in diversifying selection to evade Ganetespib cost host immunity. Finally, a small group of strains were identified based on the genetic diversity of these two genes, which might indicate that they interact differently with human T cells compared with other strains. “
“Farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) is utilized for many cellular processes, including the production of dolichols, ubiquinone (CoQ), sterols, farnesylated heme A and prenylated proteins. This lipid synthesized Aprepitant by FPP synthetase (ERG20) becomes attached to target proteins by the prenyltransferases, CDC43/RAM2 and RAM1/RAM2 complexes after the formation of the C15 and C20 units, respectively. Defects in protein prenylation as a result of inhibiting these enzyme complexes lead to pleiotropic effects in all eukaryotes. In this study, using Candida glabrata conditional mutants, the importance of the ERG20 and RAM2 genes for growth using both in vivo and in vitro assays was assessed by placing the RAM2 and

ERG20 genes under the control of a regulatable promoter. Repression of RAM2 gene expression revealed growth defects under both conditions. However, repression of ERG20 gene expression did not impair fungal growth in a mouse host, but did result in growth defects on laboratory media. Thus, FPP synthase is not required for survival in an infected mouse, but the RAM2-encoded prenyltransferase was critical for growth under both conditions. This study strongly suggests that inhibitors of prenyltransferase may be promising antifungals. Farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), produced by the isoprenoid pathway, serves as a precursor of metabolites including sterols, dolicols and ubiquinones and as a substrate for protein prenylation required for, among other processes, signal transduction and membrane anchoring (Fig. 1). Specifically, FPP, sterol biosynthesis and protein prenylation are prominent drug targets for the development of a wide range of inhibitors (Gelb et al., 2006; Kuranda et al.