Moreover, the detection of the seh gene in CC1 isolates and the identification of the etd gene in ST25 and CC80 isolates is in agreement with previous reports [27,

30–32]. PVL is frequently associated with severe and recurrent skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs) and has previously been found in S. aureus isolates from various complexes. In particular, PVL-producing MSSA affiliated to CC121 are known to be common in many countries on all continents [30, 33, 34], Omipalisib mw including Nigeria, Togo and South Africa in sub-Saharan Africa [25, 30, 35]. PVL-positive ST152 was the predominant clone in a study recently conducted in North-Eastern Nigeria [24] and it was the second most prevalent clone in a carriage study from a West-African country (Mali) [36]. Furthermore, the high prevalence of PVL positive MSSA ST152 emerging in the community as well as in hospitals in West Africa has also been described [31]. Hence, ST152 seems to be widespread and frequent in West Africa, whereas it is comparatively rare elsewhere [33, 37], in contrast to many other clonal complexes that display worldwide occurrence. The luk-PV genes are carried on mobile genetic elements (prophages), which may be incorporated into S. aureus lineages through horizontal transfer, either before or after acquisition of the mecA gene [38]. The high proportion of PVL-positive

MSSA observed in this study indicate that conditions that increase the risk of inter-individual transmission (e.g skin-to-skin and skin-to-fomite PERK inhibitor contacts) could represent important routes of spread in the various hospital settings. Contact with colonized and/or infected individuals as well as contaminated fomites in the spread of PVL positive S. aureus have been described as risk factors for community-associated MRSA [39]. Moreover, the detection of PVL-positive MSSA ST152 from members of one family and their relatives with skin infections at the Canary Island underscore the pathogenic

and contagious nature of this clone [40]. Interleukin-3 receptor More detailed investigations on the prevalence of PVL-positive S. aureus are needed in Africa with respect to (i) nasal carriage of S. aureus in the hospitals and community, (ii) cross-transmission from post-operative wound infections acquired during hospital stay, and (iii) cross-transmission from patients admitted to the SAHA mw health institutions for treatment of an SSTI acquired in the community. The detection of PVL-positive MSSA isolates from the various health institutions, indicating their wide geographical distribution, could pose serious problem in the future as potential reservoirs for resistance and virulence factors, and could lead to the emergence and spread of PVL-positive MRSA clones in Nigeria causing severe infections. This could have important implications for the enactment of effective infection control guidelines.