It should also be noted that an internalization of clustered receptors will depend on the cytoskeleton and thus also on plasma membrane remodeling. Concerning TNF receptor Selumetinib concentration 1 (TNFR1), it has been reported that lipid rafts could promote the formation of a multi protein complex containing RIP, TRADD and TRAF-2 (Legler et al., 2003). This TNFR1-related complex may inhibit apoptosis through an activation of NF-κB (Muppidi et al., 2004). Recently, it has been described that ursodeoxycholic acid induced apoptosis via TRAIL-R2/DR5 localization in lipid rafts ( Lim et al., 2011). Although less systematically

investigated, changes in plasma membrane may also be involved in intrinsic apoptosis. Plasma membrane has been reported to play a role in the intrinsic apoptosis induced by arsenic (Hossain et al., 2000) oxysterols (Berthier et al., 2004) or B[a]P (Gorria et al., 2006, Tekpli et al., 2010a and Tekpli et al., 2010b). More specifically, lipid rafts appear to regulate the JNK activation related to Ruxolitinib solubility dmso arsenic-induced apoptosis

in T-cells (Hossain et al., 2000). We have also recently found that plasma membrane remodeling was involved in the B[a]P-induced intrinsic apoptosis in several cell types (Gorria et al., 2006, Tekpli et al., 2010a and Tekpli et al., 2010b). B[a]P-induced plasma membrane remodeling may result in alterations in intracellular pH homeostasis by acting on Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (NHE-1) and/or on intercellular communication (Tekpli et al., 2010b and Tekpli et al., 2012), processes further involved in the intrinsic apoptotic cascade. Interestingly, changes in the NHE-1 sub-membrane localization due to plasma membrane remodeling seems to be important for its activity (Tekpli et al., 2008 and Tekpli et al., 2012). By regulating this exchanger activity, plasma membrane remodeling appeared N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase to be involved in B[a]P-induced intrinsic apoptosis, notably via a relocation of hexokinase II from mitochondria to cytosol ( Dendele et al., 2012 and Huc et al., 2007). Fig. 2 schematizes the detailed intracellular signaling pathway involved in

B[a]P-induced plasma membrane remodeling and apoptosis in the rat epithelial cell line F258. Intracellular pH caused by an activation of NHE1 has also been reported to regulate the activity of Bax ( Tafani et al., 2002), or possibly even more directly control caspase activities ( Lagadic-Gossmann et al., 2004). Interestingly, plasma membrane remodeling might also regulate intracellular calcium during apoptosis ( Berthier et al., 2004 and Takahashi et al., 2006), thereby affecting the function of Bcl-2 family members like Bad. In mouse hepatoma Hepa1c1c7 cells, we have found that B[a]P increases gap junctional intercellular communication via a change in localization of connexin 43 from Golgi apparatus and lipid rafts, to form gap junction plaques at the plasma membrane.