Hep3B cells with no exposure to SGS were also imaged as a control. Transmission/scanning electron microscopy For transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging, 25,000 Hep3B or SNU449 cells were plated in 12-well plates. After

24 h, the cells were exposed to the SGS at 10 μg/ml for 24 h. The media was removed, and cells were washed twice with PBS. The Anti-infection chemical cells were then harvested after trypsinization and washed once more with PBS. Finally, the cells were resuspended in Trump’s Fixative (BBC Biochemical, Seattle, WA, USA). Samples were washed with 0.1% cacodylate-buffered tannic acid, treated with 1% buffered osmium tetroxide, and stained with 1% uranyl acetate. The samples were ethanol dehydrated and embedded in LX-112 medium. After polymerization, the samples were cut with an UltraCut E Microtome (Leica, IL, USA), double stained with uranyl acetate/lead selleck citrate in a Leica EM stainer, and imaged with a JEM 1010 TEM (Jeol USA, Inc., Peabody, MA, USA) at an accelerating voltage of 80 kV. Images were acquired with an AMT Imaging System (Advanced Microscopy Techniques see more Corp., Woburn, MA, USA). For SEM, the cells were prepared in a similar manner. The dried samples were coated with a 35-nm-thick platinum layer. Samples were imaged using a JSM 5900 scanning electron microscope (JEOL USA, Inc.) equipped with a backscatter

electron detector and digital camera. The beam energy was 5 kV. Results and discussion SGS characterization As can be seen in Figure  1, AFM statistical analysis showed the majority of SGSs

(sample size 61) to be approximately however 1.41 ± 0.08 μm in diameter with a height of approximately 1.01 ± 0.02 nm, indicating mainly individualized SGSs [22, 23]. In some instances, there was also evidence of larger SGSs of diameter approximately 5.5 μm (Additional file 1: Figure S1). Raman spectra of the initial graphite material and an SGS sample are depicted in Additional file 1: Figure S2. According to previous Raman studies [4], graphene can be identified by monitoring the position of the 2D band, whereby sulfonation of the phenyl groups and subsequent formation of the SGS sodium salt lead to repulsive interactions between the SO3− groups (to produce exfoliation), as evidenced by a slight shift in the 2D peak in Additional file 1: Figure S2. Functionalization by sulfonation has also been confirmed by XPS and TGA, which is provided in Additional file 1: Figures S3 and S4, respectively. Taken together, these data characterize the SGS samples as being made up of both individualized SGSs and stacked SGSs of diameters ranging from 1.41 to 5.5 μm. Figure 1 AFM images of the SGSs. Left and right images depict completely exfoliated SGSs of diameter 1.41 ± 0.08 μm and height 1.01 ± 0.02 nm. Larger, more graphitic-like materials of diameters approximately 3 to 5 μm were also present in lower quantities (Additional file 1: Figure S1).