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Nat Rev Cancer 2002, 2:442–454.PubMedCrossRef 45. Barrett K, Leptin M, Settleman J: The Rho GTPase and a putative RhoGEF mediate a signaling pathway for the cell shape changes in Drosophila gastrulation. Cell 1991, 91:905–915.CrossRef 46. Liu JP, Jessell TM: A role for rhoB in the delamination of neural crest cells from the dorsal neural tube. Development (Camb.) 1998, 125:5055–5067. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions ZKJ, WDS and ZSY designed the experiments. ZKJ and JXL carried out most of experiments and drafted the manuscript. WXS, YQC and CHN carried out the immunohischemistry and RT-PCR. LCW and WDS participated in VX-680 solubility dmso statistical analysis and and interpretation of data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related death in United States. In the US alone it is estimated that in the year 2008, approximately 215,020 new cases of lung cancer were diagnosed and an estimated 161,480 deaths were reported. The mortality from lung cancer is more than the combined mortality from breast, prostate and colorectal cancers [1]. The two major histological types of lung cancer are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting

for about 85% of cases and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounting for 15% of cases [2]. Approximately 16% of NSCLC patients are diagnosed with early

stage or localized disease and are treated with surgical resection [3]. Systemic chemotherapy is indicated in adjuvant treatment [4] Crenolanib chemical structure as well as in advanced stages of NSCLC and is also used in treatment of all stages of SCLC. The most active chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of NSCLC and SCLC is cisplatin (CDDP) which is used in a doublet with other agents such as paclitaxel, gemcitabine and docetaxel [5]. The response rate in NSCLC from CDDP alone is about 20% and in combination with a second agent Liothyronine Sodium improves to about 26% [6]. Recently, new agents have been approved for treatment of lung cancer including erlotinib [7] and bevacizumab [8]. However the overall 5 year survival from lung cancer has not changed appreciably in the past 25 years and remains dismal at 16% [1] The Black Caraway seed also known as (Nigella Sativa, Ranunculaceae family), is an annual herb that grows in countries bordering Mediterranean Sea, Pakistan and India. The seed has been used as a natural remedy for more than 2000 years to promote EPZ-6438 cost health and treat diseases. Medicinal properties of black seeds have even been mentioned by the Prophet of Islam, Muhammad (Peace be upon him) and its use was recommended for various ailments [9]. Thymoquinone (TQ) is the bioactive constituent of the volatile oil of black seed. It has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-neoplastic effects both in vitro and in vivo [10].