For calculation of the extent of inhibition, the OD620 nm of the

For calculation of the extent of inhibition, the OD620 nm of the drug-free control cultures was set at 100% growth. The MICs for statins were the lowest concentration of drugs that produced an optically clear well, while the MICs for azoles were the lowest concentration of drugs that produced a prominent

decrease in turbidity. The quality-control strains were included every time an isolate was tested. All experiments were repeated at least three times. For drug interaction studies, each statin was tested with each azole by the chequerboard broth microdilution method, using twofold dilutions of both drugs. The final concentrations of the various statins in the rows were 0.391–25 μg mL−1. The final concentrations of the azoles in the wells, the inoculum preparation, the initial

inoculum, the controls and the conditions of the incubation were as described above for antifungal selleck kinase inhibitor susceptibility testing. The click here interaction ratio (IR) between the antifungal agents was calculated using the Abbott formula: IR=Io/Ie, where Io is the observed percentage inhibition and Ie is the expected percentage inhibition for a given interaction. Ie was calculated using the formula: Ie=x+y−(xy/100), where x and y are the percentage inhibitions observed for each compound when applied alone. The IR reflects the nature of the interaction between the antifungal compounds: if IR is between 0.5 and 1.5, the interaction is considered additive, an IR>1.5 denotes synergism and an IR<0.5 denotes antagonism

Edoxaban (Gisi, 1996). The 50%, 80% and 90% growth-inhibitory concentrations (IC50, IC80 and IC90) of the various azoles against C. albicans ATCC 90028, C. glabrata CBS 138, A. fumigatus SZMC 2486, A. flavus SZMC 2521, R. oryzae CBS 109939 and P. variotii ATCC 36257 were determined (Tables 1–4). Among the azoles, ITR had the strongest inhibitory effect; it completely blocked the growth of all tested isolates at low concentration (<1 μg mL−1). MCZ and KET were equally effective, their inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 8 μg mL−1 for all tested strains. Conversely, FLU only inhibited the growth of yeasts, and was ineffective against the filamentous fungi in the administered concentrations. In the case of C. albicans, ITR, KET and FLU showed the trailing effect, which means that the growth inhibition was only 50–60% at low azole concentrations (0.016 μg mL−1 for ITR, 0.031 μg mL−1 for KET and 0.25 μg mL−1 for FLU), but this inhibitory effect could not be enhanced further by the application of higher drug concentrations, and complete blockage of growth could not be achieved. The MICs of the involved statins against the same six fungal strains (Tables 1–4) have already been reported (Nyilasi et al., 2010).

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