Extending these targets to all members of their relevant gene families, approximately 3000 molecular targets can be identified. Most of these genes belong to a few gene

families such as G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), serine/threonine and tyrosine protein kinases, and nuclear hormone receptors. The implications of these estimations are that the limited number of draggable targets will be well explored within Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the next decade, with chemical leads being available for most, of them. Thus, there will be a. shift, from the development, of leads to the investigation of the molecular consequences of the drug treatment in the individual patient. Challenges in neuroscience applications Drug discovery and treatment in neuroscience face specific challenges, in particular regarding the availability Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of tissue, poor diagnosis, complexity of brain tissue, and the lack

of good model systems for drug target validation.69 Tissue samples in neuroscience applications are mostly post-mortem brain samples from affected individuals. These samples typically reflect, the end stage of the disease, which highly biases the material and makes it impossible to study early disease stages.70 Furthermore, the patients have typically undergone some disease treatment, which has an influence on the gene expression. Thus, separating the effects of these treatments from the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical effects of the disease is extremely difficult. Here, animal models and tissue culture systems can help to identify marker genes Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and pathways for the disease, as is common in other

studies. For example, in a. recent, work we have utilized a mouse model (Ts65DN71) for trisomy 21 in order to identify genes that show dosage imbalances with respect, to aneuploidy29 Results for many genes (such as APP) could be extrapolated to human tissue samples. Good animal models allow the extraction of untreated brain material as well as material from control samples. Rodent, and (particularly) nonhuman primate models are primarily interesting in this respect. Current research Anacetrapib Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical utilizes selleck chemical Olaparib microarrays in several areas of neuroscience research, such as schizophrenia,72-73 brain cancer,74 Alzheimer’s disease (AD),75 and HD.76 These studies compare gene expression changes in patient and control groups, and show that microarrays arc valuable tools for the expression profiling of drug response in human individuals. Interestingly, the latter study incorporated blood samples from patients and control subjects and revealed changes in blood mRNAs that reflect disease mechanisms observed in HD brain. Moreover, these alterations correlate with disease progression. For example, they were able to identify genes altered in blood from HD patients (such as ANXA, CAPZA1, HIF1A, P2Y5, SF3B1, SP3, and TAF7) that were also differentially expressed in HD postmortem brain.