Enhanced FC accumulation in HSCs plays an important role in the progression of liver fibrosis in NASH by promoting TLR4 signal transduction through suppression of the endosomal-lysosomal degradation pathway of TLR4, and subsequently sensitizing HSCs to TGFβ-induced activation. HSC activation dysregulates their cholesterol metabolism, resulting in further PD-0332991 mw FC accumulation and exaggerating liver fibrosis in
a vicious cycle (Fig. 8D). We believe that the characteristic mechanisms of FC accumulation in HSCs should be further studied as potential targets to treat liver fibrosis in liver diseases including NASH. The authors thank Mina Kitazume and Miho Takabe (Keio University) for helpful advice and technical assistance, and Drs. Ikuo Inoue and Makoto Seo (Saitama Medical School) for helpful discussion and critical comments. Additional Supporting Information may be found in the Acalabrutinib datasheet online version of this article. “
“Females are more susceptible than males to several biliary tract diseases. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is critical to triggering autoimmune reactions and contributes substantially to biliary epithelial cell (BEC) barrier function and wound repair, and estrogen differentially regulates IL-6 expression in various cell types. We hypothesized that estrogen might stimulate BEC IL-6 production. Exposure to physiologic levels of estradiol, in vitro, increased female mouse BEC (mBEC)
IL-6 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression, but either inhibited or had no effect on male mBECs. Female mBECs expressed higher concentrations of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) mRNA and protein and were also more dependent on estradiol for survival, in vitro. In vivo, elevated estrogen during estrous cycling in mice, and estrogen treatment of mice harboring an ERα+ human cholangiocarcinoma resulted in increased BEC IL-6 mRNA and tumor viability, respectively.
Both responses could be blocked by an ERα antagonist. Human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines differentially expressing ERα were treated with specific ERα and ERβ agonists/antagonists to further test the relationship between estrogen stimulation, ERα expression, and find more IL-6 production. Results show that ERα, and not the underlying BEC sex, was responsible for estrogen-induced IL-6 production. Estrogen-induced proliferation of ERα-expressing cholangiocarcinoma was blocked by anti–IL-6 antibodies, indicating that at least some of the estrogen-trophic effects are mediated via IL-6. Finally, an association between ERα, IL-6, and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) signaling was shown in female-predominant polycystic livers using immunohistochemical analyses, including multiplex quantum dot labeling. Conclusion: Estrogens stimulate IL-6 production in non-neoplastic female BECs and in neoplastic BECs expressing ERα.