Dawn Chatty points to such views as evidence of the “philosophical and political bankruptcy of state policy which is supported by convenient but untested ‘pseudo’ Temsirolimus in vitro scientific assumptions imported from the West” (Chatty mTOR inhibition 2006, p. 752). Further, our research suggests that modernization and development schemes, food
security, environmental conservation and other strategies for dryland development should consider maintenance and reestablishment of local traditional pastoralism as viable alternatives to agricultural development and other unsustainable land uses in deserts and drylands. The concepts of both cultural keystone species and cultural landscapes, so crucial to our understanding of people/tree relationships, are also relevant to ecological conservation and restoration. These concepts provides an opportunity to work with (not
on behalf of) local communities to re-establish relationships with places and resources that are crucial to ecological conservation and restoration (Garibaldi and Turner 2004). Protecting traditional cultural landscapes helps to maintain biological diversity. However, to protect the cultural landscape it is necessary to support and empower the peoples and the culture that have maintained MM-102 it, in this study area for thousands of years. It is more important than ever to document and understand the dynamic forces in motion and the concurrent changes in indigenous perspectives on resource management, particularly because these insights will have valuable roles to play in development going forward. Acknowledgments Thanks to all informants for their hospitality and willingness to share time and knowledge with us. Interviews of female Thalidomide Beja were possible thanks to Maryam Hasaballa, Hadiya Adarob Ahmed and Amna Iman.
Red Sea University arranged visas and travel permits in Sudan. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. This study is part of the ACACIA project (#196087), funded by the Norwegian Research Council. Olaf Grolle Olsen and Miranda Bødtker foundation of University of Bergen supported fieldwork. Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited. References Agrawal A (1995) Dismantling the divide between indigenous and scientific knowledge. Dev Change 26(3):413–439. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1995.tb00560.x CrossRef Al-Krenawi A, Graham JR (1999) Conflict resolution through a traditional ritual among the Bedouin Arabs of the Negev. Ethnology 38(2):163–174. doi:10.