Clearly, HSCs were again inferior to LSECs in cross-presentation of circulating antigen ingested in vivo (Fig. 1B). These results demonstrate that HSCs do not possess antigen-processing capability similar to DCs, suggesting that if already antigen uptake is inefficient, downstream mechanisms, such as peptide trimming in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), are unlikely to improve APC function. A recent report also showed that primary HSCs have little, if any, APC function for CD4 T cells, even after stimulation with exogenous interferon gamma.8 Taken together, these results demonstrate a hierarchy in the performance
of APC function for DCs being learn more most efficient in antigen processing, macrophages and LSECs compensating for inefficient antigen processing by high antigen uptake, and HSCs showing low antigen uptake and inefficient antigen processing. These data call into question a prominent role for HSCs as liver-resident APCs. Frank
A. Schildberg*, Christian Kurts*, Percy A. Knolle MD*, * Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany. “
“Several studies have indicated that primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) may be associated with increased risk of some cancers, but PD-0332991 ic50 the results are controversial. We conducted a systematic review of studies to examine the association of PBC with cancer risk by meta-analysis. We searched the PubMed and EMBASE databases for English-language studies published before November 2011.
Studies were included if they reported relative risk estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) or related data for the association between PBC and cancer risk. Approximately 16,300 PBC patients from several countries were included in this analysis. Of the 3510 titles identified, 16 publications involving 17 studies meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with the general population, PBC patients had a significantly higher risk of overall cancer (pooled rate ratio [RR], 1.55; 95% CI, 1.28-1.83) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (pooled RR, 18.80; 95% CI, 10.81-26.79). For stomach and pancreas cancers, the results of one study 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 that only examined male patients with PBC indicated that PBC patients had increased risk of stomach cancer and pancreatic cancer, whereas the results of other studies of mixed-sex patients showed no significant association. Therefore, despite inconsistent results, the meta-analysis could not be conducted for assessing the association. PBC was not significantly associated with increased risk of other cancers. Conclusion: The present systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrate that PBC is closely associated with a greater risk of overall cancer and HCC, but not with other cancers. The data regarding the association between PBC and risks of several cancers need to be further confirmed in future studies.