Categorical variables were compared with chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test. Continuous variables were compared with two-sample t-test and one-way ANOVA. Multiple logistic regression determined predictors of ROSC and SURV, utilizing cluster analysis by experimental protocol. Candidate variables were sex, weight, anesthesia duration, VF duration, and CPR ratio.

Results: Of 263 swine analyzed (53.2% male), 58.6% of males and 68.3% of females had ROSC (p = 0.10), whereas 50.0% GW4869 of males and 61.0% of females experienced SURV (p = 0.07).

Results: Of 263 swine analyzed (53.2% male), 58.6% of males and 68.3% of females had ROSC (p = 0.10), whereas 50.0% of males and 61.0% of females experienced SURV (p = 0.07). Neither sex nor any identified candidate FK228 concentration variable predicted ROSC or SURV. Both models had acceptable fit with Hosmer-Lemeshow values of 0.35 and 0.31, respectively.

Conclusions: Sex predicts neither ROSC nor SURV in a swine model of prolonged VF. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background and aimsSusceptibility to use of addictive substances may result, in part, from a greater preference for an immediate small reward relative to a larger delayed reward or relative insensitivity to punishment. This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study examined the neural basis of inhibiting an immediately rewarding stimulus to obtain a

larger delayed reward in smokers.

We also investigated whether punishment could modulate inhibitory control.

DesignThe Monetary Incentive Go/NoGo (MI-Go/NoGo) task was administered that provided three types of reward outcomes contingent upon inhibitory control performance over rewarding stimuli: inhibition failure was either followed by no monetary reward (neutral condition), a small monetary reward with immediate feedback (reward condition) or immediate monetary punishment (punishment condition). In the reward and punishment conditions, successful inhibitory CH5183284 control resulted in larger delayed rewards.

SettingCommunity sample of smokers in the Melbourne (Australia) area.

ParticipantsNineteen smokers were compared with 17 demographically matched non-smoking controls.

MeasurementsAccuracy, reaction times and brain activation associated with the MI-Go/NoGo task.

FindingsSmokers showed hyperactivation in the right insula (P<0.01), inferior and middle frontal gyrus (P<0.01), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (P=0.001) and inferior parietal lobe (P<0.01) both during inhibition of an immediately rewarding stimulus to obtain a larger delayed reward, and during inhibition of neutral stimuli. Group differences in brain activity were not significant in the punishment condition in the right insula and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, most probably as a result of increased activation in non-smoking controls.