aureus COL an archaic HA-MRSA clone belonging to ST250 that is less virulent than CA-MRSA isolates (Yarwood et al., 2002). USA400 isolates (e.g. MW2) harbor νSA3, a pathogenicity island that shares similarity to SaPI3 of COL and SaPI5 of USA300, however, νSA3 does not contain the genes for Sek or Seq (Diep et al., 2006a). Thus, the acquisition of these toxins by USA300 and not US400 may potentially explain the differences in pathogenicity although direct demonstration of this has not been reported. The mecA gene encodes a penicillin-binding protein and is located on a MGE known as the Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome

mec (SCCmec). There are currently Neratinib datasheet eight recognized SCCmec types (I–VIII). SCCmec types I, II, and III contain additional drug resistance determinants, whereas types IV, V, VI, and VII cause resistance only to β-lactams (Carvalho et al., 2010). Initial sequence comparisons selleck chemicals show that both USA400 and USA300 strains contain a nearly identical SSCmecIVa (Baba et al., 2002; Diep et al., 2006a). As it turns out, SCCmecIV is the most common form of SCCmec found across divergent S. aureus

lineages in addition to ST8 (USA300) including ST1 (USA400), ST80, ST72 (USA700) and ST8 (USA500) (Daum et al., 2002; Goering et al., 2007). It has been shown that SSCmecIV does not impose a fitness cost in vitro or in vivo, whereas acquisition of the SSCmec types I, II, and III resulted in decreased in vitro growth rates (Ender et al., 2004; Lee et al., 2007; Diep et al., 2008a). Thus, it is thought that harboring SSCmecIV as opposed to other SCCmec types imparts CA-MRSA with an advantage in its ability to cause infection in healthy individuals. However, although SSCmecIV may provide a selective advantage to CA-MRSA over other SCCmec types, the fact that nearly all CA-MRSA isolates contain SSCmecIVa suggests that it is not a major contributing factor to the dominance of USA300 among CA-MRSA isolates. The PVL is a bicomponent pore-forming toxin RANTES that induces necrosis and apoptosis in leukocytes (Coulter

et al., 1998). PVL is encoded by the genes lukS-PV and lukF-PV located on the prophage φSA2pvl (Diep et al., 2006a). This phage is highly associated with CA-MRSA clones in that nearly all USA300, USA400, and USA1100 clinical isolates are positive for PVL as are many USA1000 strains (Diep et al., 2006b; Coombs et al., 2010). Furthermore, epidemiological and clinical reports indicate a strong correlation between PVL production and severe skin/soft tissue infections, as well as necrotizing pneumonia and fasciitis, suggesting PVL may be a major contributor to the virulence of CA-MRSA (Cribier et al., 1992; Lina et al., 1999; Gillet et al., 2002). Moreover, PVL can be directly detected in human skin abscesses at levels known to result in rapid neutrophil lysis (Badiou et al., 2008, 2010).