56 The hydatid cyst involvement of the skeletal muscle is even less common than that of the bone. In our review of Iranian cases, we found 11 reported patients, 8 males and 3 females with an age range of 22-80 years (mean age=29 years), with the hydatid cyst of the skeletal muscle.7,58-66 The reported locations were in the latissmus dorsi,58 gluteal muscle,59,60 cervical muscles of the paraspinal area,60,61 and thigh.63-66 The most common presenting symptoms were painless swelling,58 causing symptoms secondary to the compression Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical effect on the adjacent KPT-330 concentration organs.60 Radiological studies, including MRI, are the mainstay of the preoperative diagnosis of the skeletal muscle hydatid cyst.61 Cardiovascular System
The third most common unusual location of the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical hydatid cyst reported from Iran is the cardiovascular system, with 42 cases having been reported in the last 20 years.67-82 The cases comprised 25 males and 17 females with an age range of 8 to 73 years (mean age=29.5 years). Most of the cardiac hydatid cysts were located in the ventricular wall,67-76 and the most common presenting symptoms were angina, dyspnea, and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical palpitation, in consequence of the pressure effects of the cyst on the coronary and conducting system.70 Some less frequent symptoms
related to pericardial tamponade were also reported.72 The hydatid cyst of the interatrial and interventricular septum was rarely reported.78-79 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Likewise, only 2 cases of the intrapericardial,80and endocardial,81 hydatid cysts were reported from Iran. The vascular hydatid cyst in the aorta and superior vena cava with invasion to the myocardium was reported in a study from Iran.81 There were reports of very infrequent asymptomatic cases of the hydatid cyst of the heart detected during EKG evaluations for
another surgery.71 Serologic tests are positive in about 50% of the patients,71 but transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is known as the imaging procedure of choice for the diagnosis of the cardiovascular hydatid cyst.69 Kidney and Urinary Tract Our investigation yielded 31 published Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical cases, 23 males and 8 females with an age range of 9 to 73 years (mean age=44 years), of the hydatid cyst of the kidney and urinary tract.6,83-90 STK38 Among these cases, 29 patients had the renal hydatid cyst and 2 had the bladder wall hydatid cyst. The most common clinical symptom was flank pain.84 There is no serologic and immunological test pathognomonic for the diagnosis of the renal hydatid cyst, but ultrasonography and, in particular, CT scan can be of great help.84-89 Spleen There were 20 cases of the splenic hydatid cyst from Iran in 13 males and 7 females with the reported age ranging from childhood to 75 years.6-8,91-94 The splenic hydatid cyst exhibits a variety of clinical features, requiring a high index of suspicion for diagnosis.92 The most common reported symptoms at presentation were the left upper quadrant pain.