4 kg which is similar to values reported in previous studies with 12–16 weeks of 1-h twice-weekly recreational soccer training for untrained women13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 Adriamycin solubility dmso even though the training volume was only a quarter of that in the other studies (30 vs. 120 min/week). The potential clinical significance of reducing abdominal fat has been highlighted by studies such

as Rexrode et al. 36 who have reported a higher abdominal adiposity being associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease in a cohort of 44,702 female registered nurses aged 40–65. The estimated energy consumption over 8 h of soccer training (30 min/week over 16 weeks) at an average HR of 155 bpm for untrained women would be in the area of 4000 kcal, corresponding to about 0.5 kg of fat. 9 It may therefore be speculated that fat oxidation was elevated outside the soccer training, as was found in other studies 17 which demonstrated a

positive effect on cardiovascular and metabolic fitness after 12–16 weeks of recreational soccer training, where an increase in the fat oxidation capacity at low to moderate exercise intensities, corresponding to the intensity during everyday life activity, was observed. That no equivalent overall group fat losses were seen following WBV training may well be due to the absence of an equivalent raising of the HR as observed during the soccer training. Other studies using oscillating 27 and 28 and vertical 37 WBV training have similarly reported no alterations in fat mass. Although WBV training has been reported to stimulate muscular work and to elevate metabolic rate to some extent, 38 the stimulus is probably insufficient to check details cause any change in fat mass for inactive premenopausal women. After 16-week of soccer training, the HR was on average 10 bpm lower in the last phase of a standardised submaximal YYIE1 test. A drop in HR loading during submaximal exercise indicates an increase in aerobic fitness and

is in accordance with findings from previous studies using recreational soccer training for premenopausal women. HR was found to decrease by 10–20 bpm during walking and jogging at 6–11 km/h after 16 weeks of twice-weekly 1-h soccer sessions for 20–45-year-old untrained women in conjunction with an increase in maximal oxygen uptake of 15%,13 and 17 and HR decreased by 7 bpm during DNA ligase submaximal cycling exercise after 12 weeks of training for twice-weekly 1-h soccer sessions for 25–65-year-old women, who had an increase in maximal oxygen uptake of 5% over the course of training.14 The present study also indicated positive effects on muscular aerobic fitness for the SG in comparison to the VG and the CO. The suggestion of an improvement in oxidative metabolism for the SG is reinforced by the recorded decrease in PCr depletion at the end of the ramp test at an equivalent time point, after the training intervention compared with the pre-training value.