[12] in a mice model. However, these anti-inflamatory effects seen in vivo are not as powerful as those previously described in vitro [13]. The differences are even greater when the in vivo data is obtained from athletes [14–16]. Quercetin supplementation improves running time to fatigue by stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis in mice [6]. However, this effect has not been observed in humans [16–18]. Research has shown improvements of 3.9% in VO2 peak and 13.2% in time to fatigue [19], as well as 2.9% in a selleck compound maximal 12-minute test after an hour of preload [18] in untrained

subjects. These findings are in contrast to those of previous studies [11, 17, 20]. When athletes are studied, most research has failed to find an ergogenic effect [15, 16], in contrast to that of a study of elite cyclists, who exhibited Vactosertib order an improvement of their aerobic performance [21]. Finally, effects of quercetin on pre-exercise and post-exercise blood lactate have not been reported [22]. Based on the data provided, the question arises: could quercetin be an ergogenic supplement for athletes or untrained subjects? LDK378 Our primary goal is to study, for the first time and using a rat model, the effects of both endurance training and chronic quercetin supplementation on 1) endurance capacity, VO2 peak, and lactate production, 2) endurance

training progress, and 3) distance covered in a low-intensity treadmill test and in a high-intensity treadmill test. Methods Animals and experimental design Thirty-three young (three week old) male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups: quercetin and endurance training (QT, n=9), placebo and endurance training (PT, n=8), quercetin and sedentary (QS, n=8), and placebo and sedentary (PS, n=8). Animals, with an initial body weight of 150 (SD=10) g, were housed in individual stainless steel metabolism cages. The cages were located in a well-ventilated thermostatically

controlled room Oxymatrine (21 ± 2°C), with relative humidity ranging from 40 to 60%. A reverse 12 h light-12 h dark cycle (08.00-20.00 hours) was implemented to allow exercise training during the day. Throughout the experimental period, all rats consumed water and food ad libitum. Two weeks before the experimental period, rats were allowed to adapt to the diet and experimental conditions, and a week before the experimental period, rats had three days of acclimation to the treadmill. Body weight was measured twice per week during this time. After six weeks of treatment we performed two different exercise tests. Tests were carried out after the treatment so that we could compare four different conditions without assessing the effect of training. The reason for choosing a rat model is that a previous study showed that sedentary mice exhibited higher endurance performance with quercetin intake than with placebo [6].