05) between the BA (3120 ± 244 kcal) and placebo (2775 ± 209 kcal) groups. Furthermore, there were no differences in macronutrient daily intake, with both groups consuming

47% of their daily calories from carbohydrates, 34% from fat and 16% from protein. Training Volume There was a significant main effect for time (p < 0.01) for both training volume (watts) and training time (seconds). However, there was no significant difference between groups for either volume (Figure 2A) or time (Figure 2B), at any time point (weeks 1–6). HMPL-504 in vivo Although not significant, the BA group consistently trained at higher workloads and for longer time periods. Discussion The current study is the first to examine the effects of concurrent high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and β-alanine supplementation on a series of physiological and performance variables. The primary findings support the use of HIIT as an advantageous training mTOR inhibitor tool. Furthermore, the current study also

proposes the use of β-alanine supplementation to enhance the benefits of HIIT, by possibly improving muscle buffer capacity after six weeks of training and supplementing. The maximal oxygen uptake and time to reach maximum oxygen consumption (VO2peak, VO2TTE) and total work done (TWD) increased significantly in both training groups (β-alanine and placebo) over a six week HIIT protocol (Table 1). However, β-alanine supplementation appeared to have a greater influence on VO2peak and MM-102 concentration Thiamet G VO2TTE, resulting in a significant (p < 0.05) increase during the second three weeks of training, while no change occurred in placebo group. In addition, TWD significantly (p < 0.05) increased during the last three weeks by 32% and 18%

for the β-alanine and Placebo groups, respectively. Improvements in VT were also reported for both training groups, however the placebo group demonstrated significant improvements during the last three week training phase (Table 1). Lastly, the present study also identified a significant change in lean body mass for the β-alanine supplementing group after three weeks, with no change in the placebo group. Enhanced VO2peak, VO2TTE, and VT after training A series of HIIT interventions have suggested that interval exercise (> 80% VO2max) elicits greater gains in aerobic capacity than moderate-intensity exercise [34–36]. Consequently, the improvements reported in cardiorespiratory fitness in the current study were similar to most studies that have employed short-term (2–9 weeks) endurance interval training programs in untrained and recreationally active individuals [25, 29, 34, 37–40]. Specifically, the average reported increases in VO2peak have ranged from 6–20% in male and female populations. Although the training regimens utilized have varied slightly, all supporting studies applied a similar protocol.