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“Rationale Central administration of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) elicits a specific pattern of behavioral responses resembling a stress-like state and is anxiogenic in rodent models of anxiety.

Objectives Specific behaviors evoked by the administration of CRF were measured. The roles of CRF receptor subtypes and that of serotonergic and noradrenergic systems in mediating these responses were studied.

Materials and methods Burying, grooming, and head shakes were quantified in rats following intracerebroventricular administration of CRF and urocortin II and after pretreatment with antagonists.

The role of forebrain norepinephrine in Citarinostat cell line the behavioral responses to CRF (0.3 mu g) was examined following pretreatment with the neurotoxin DSP-4 and that of serotonin after depletion using systemic administration of Pevonedistat clinical trial para-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA).

Results CRF at 0.3 and 3.0 mu g caused robust increases in burying, grooming,

and head shakes, but urocortin II was ineffective. Pretreatment with either antalarmin or propranolol significantly attenuated the CRF-evoked behaviors. Destruction of forebrain norepinephrine pathways blocked spontaneous burying behavior elicited by CRF and conditioned burying directed towards an electrified shock probe. In contrast, depletion of 5-HT selectively attenuated CRF-evoked grooming.

Conclusions Overt behavioral responses produced by CRF, burying, grooming,

and head shakes appeared to be mediated through the CRF(1) receptor. Spontaneous burying behavior evoked by CRF or conditioned burying directed towards a shock probe was disrupted by lesion of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle and may represent anxiety-like behavior caused by CRF activation of the locus ceruleus. In contrast, CRF-evoked increases in grooming were dependent on serotonin.”
“Purpose: A novel platform was developed that fuses pre-biopsy magnetic resonance imaging with real-time transrectal ultrasound imaging to identify and biopsy lesions suspicious for prostate cancer. The cancer detection rates for the first 101 patients are reported.

Materials and Methods: This prospective, single institution study was approved by the institutional review board. Patients Thymidine kinase underwent 3.0 T multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging with endorectal coil, which included T2-weighted, spectroscopic, dynamic contrast enhanced and diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging sequences. Lesions suspicious for cancer were graded according to the number of sequences suspicious for cancer as low (2 or less), moderate (3) and high (4) suspicion. Patients underwent standard 12-core transrectal ultrasound biopsy and magnetic resonance imaging/ultrasound fusion guided biopsy with electromagnetic tracking of magnetic resonance imaging lesions.