Analyses of a concatenated data set (5,220 nt) established 12 well-supported clades in the order; seven of these constituted a superclade, termed “Zygnemataceae.” Together with genera (Zygnema, Mougeotia) traditionally

placed in the family Zygnemataceae, the “Zygnemataceae” also included representatives of the genera Cylindrocystis and Mesotaenium, traditionally placed in the family Mesotaeniaceae. A synapomorphic amino acid replacement (codon 192, cysteine replaced by valine) in the LSU of RUBISCO characterized this superclade. The traditional genera Netrium, Cylindrocystis, and Mesotaenium were shown to be para- or polyphyletic, highlighting the inadequacy of phenotypic traits used to define these genera. Species Luminespib solubility dmso of the traditional genus Netrium were resolved as three well-supported clades each distinct in the number of chloroplasts

per cell, their surface morphology (structure and arrangement of lamellae) and the position of the nucleus or nuclear behavior during cell division. Based on molecular phylogenetic analyses and synapomorphic phenotypic traits, the genus Netrium has been revised, and a new genus, Nucleotaenium gen. nov., was established. The genus Planotaenium, also formerly Apoptosis Compound Library research buy a part of Netrium, was identified as the sister group of the derived Roya/Desmidiales clade and thus occupies a key position in the evolutionary radiation leading to the most species-rich group of streptophyte green algae. “
“This study describes the relationships between dinitrogen (N2) fixation, dihydrogen (H2) production, and electron transport associated with photosynthesis and respiration in the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum Ehrenb. strain IMS101. The ratio of H2 produced:N2 fixed (H2:N2) was controlled by the light intensity and by the light

spectral composition and was affected by the growth irradiance level. For Trichodesmium cells grown at 50 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1, the rate of N2 fixation, as measured by acetylene reduction, saturated at light intensities of 200 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1. In contrast, net H2 production continued to increase with light levels up to 1,000 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1. The H2:N2 ratios increased monotonically with irradiance, and the variable fluorescence measured using a fast repetition rate fluorometer (FRRF) MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit revealed that this increase was accompanied by a progressive reduction of the plastoquinone (PQ) pool. Additions of 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone (DBMIB), an inhibitor of electron transport from PQ pool to PSI, diminished both N2 fixation and net H2 production, while the H2:N2 ratio increased with increasing level of PQ pool reduction. In the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU), nitrogenase activity declined but could be prolonged by increasing the light intensity and by removing the oxygen supply.