3D), whereas in CRIg-Fc-treated EAU mouse retina, only mild foci of infiltration were seen, and retinal structure was largely preserved NVP-BGJ398 clinical trial (Fig. 3E). On average, there was a 54% reduction in the inflammatory cell infiltration score and a 58% reduction in the structural damage score in CRIg-Fc-treated mice as compared with PBS-treated EAU mice (p<0.05) (Fig. 3A–F). When CRIg-Fc was injected after T-cell priming and the initiation of EAU (i.e. from day 18 to day 24 p.i.), retinal inflammation was also significantly reduced (Fig. 3G). However, when CRIg-Fc was injected only at the T-cell priming stage, i.e.

from day 1 to day 10 p.i. no significant reduction in EAU severity was observed (Fig. 3H). In addition to reduced retinal inflammation (Fig. 3G), complement C3d deposition in the photoreceptor/RPE layer (Fig. 4A and B), the ganglion cell layer (Fig.

4C and D), and the ciliary body (Fig. RG7420 mw 4E and F) was also markedly reduced by CRIg-Fc treatment, indicating decreased AP-mediated complement activation. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that the 59-fold increase in CFB expression in isotype-IgG1 EAU mice was restored to the essentially normal values by treatment with CRIg-Fc (Fig. 4H). There was also a 50% reduction in CFB gene expression in RPE/choroid/sclera tissue of CRIg-Fc-treated mice as compared with that of isotype IgG1-treated EAU mice, although the reduction did not reach statistical significance (Fig. 4H). To further understand the mechanism of CRIg-Fc-mediated inhibition of retinal inflammation, the proliferation of T cells from EAU mice treated with or without CRIg-Fc was evaluated. Without in vitro IRBP stimulation, splenocytes from PBS-treated EAU mice showed low levels of spontaneous Rolziracetam proliferation (500 CPM on 3H incorporation, Fig. 5A). Cells from CRIg-Fc treated (days 1–22 p.i.) EAU mice had the same levels of 3H incorporation as the cells of nonimmunized

normal mice (around 200 CPM, Fig. 5A), indicating the lack of proliferation. After IRBP peptide (25 μg/mL) stimulation, splenocytes from PBS-treated EAU mice proliferated massively as compared with cells from nonimmunized normal mice (Fig. 5A). However, the level of cell proliferation in CRIg-Fc-treated EAU mice was significantly lower than that of PBS-treated EAU mice (Fig. 5A). Splenocytes from day 18 to day 24 p.i. CRIg-Fc-treated EAU mice showed similar results (data not shown). When splenocytes from PBS-treated EAU (day 25 p.i.) mice were activated in vitro with retinal antigen (i.e. human interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein peptide (pIRBP), 25 μg/mL) or nonspecifically with Con A (2.5 μg/mL) in the presence of different concentrations of CRIg-Fc, CRIg-Fc dose-dependently suppressed cell proliferation (Fig. 5B). Splenocytes from day 25 p.i.