Simple indexes are easy to implement and cost-effective. However, the diagnostic yield of these indexes is lower in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients [3,4]. In particular, the diagnosis of cirrhosis cannot be established confidently [3]. TE seems a promising technique for use in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients [5,6]. However, the high rate of classification errors produced by use of a single cut-off value precludes its application

for establishing the absence of fibrosis and detecting mild fibrosis in coinfected patients [5,6]. Use of two cut-off values to detect and exclude significant fibrosis improves the diagnostic accuracy of TE in HIV/HCV selleck kinase inhibitor coinfection, but leaves a substantial proportion of patients unclassified [7]. In addition,

TE is not widely available because of its high cost, and regulatory issues are a barrier to access to TE in some countries. Fibrosis is a wound-healing response characterized by increased fibrogenesis and fibrolysis, both of which may produce increased levels of circulating extracellular matrix components or their fragments [8,9]. Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, are enzymes controlling matrix degradation [8]. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) is expressed in liver injury and degrades normal extracellular matrix. As a consequence, normal low-density basement membrane is replaced Tamoxifen in vivo with fibril-forming matrix that is deleterious to hepatocyte function [8]. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) inactivates proteases and can have antiapoptotic effects on hepatic stellate cells, thus leading to an increased pool of fibrogenic cells [8]. Serum levels of MMP-2 and TIMP-1 may therefore correlate with liver fibrosis. Multi-component tests have been developed, some of which include measurements of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors, in various combinations to predict fibrosis in HCV infection [9–14]. However, there is little information on the diagnostic yield of these serum biomarkers in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients [15–18]. Noninvasive

diagnosis Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) of liver fibrosis needs to be improved in HIV/HCV coinfection. Simple serum indexes can spare liver biopsy in up to half of patients [19]. Serum tests which include measurements of extracellular matrix markers (e.g. the SHASTA index) or which are entirely based on markers of fibrogenesis also leave a significant proportion of patients without a definitive diagnosis [15,16]. TE is less accurate in identifying patients with less advanced fibrosis [5,6]. Against this background, we examined the utility of serum MMP-2 and TIMP-1 in combination with routinely available data to predict liver fibrosis in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. This was a retrospective cross-sectional study carried out in the Infectious Diseases Unit of Hospital Universitario de Valme, Seville, southern Spain, from November 1999 to December 2006.