Around A.D. 1400, the Polynesian population in Hawai’i began to expand out of those zones best suited to the tropical tuber and root crops (especially taro), which had been introduced at initial settlement.
By this time period, the “salubrious core” regions with alluvial soils and permanent streams had already been converted to extensive pondfield irrigation systems. The new phase of expansion into more marginal landscapes—lacking the water resources for irrigation, but amenable to intensive dryland farming—may have been spurred by a late introduction of the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) of South American origin. Certainly, the sweet potato along with dryland taro became UMI-77 the main staple base for large populations that began to convert the leeward regions of the islands into vast field systems. The most intensively studied of
these systems is the Leeward Kohala Field System (LKFS) on Hawai’i Island, covering a continuous area of at least 60 km2 ( Vitousek et al., 2004). Expansion and intensification of the LKFS was closely linked with exponential growth in farming households ( Field et al., 2011), and with the emergence of an archaic state whose political economy was based on the extraction of surplus from this and other intensive dryland field systems on the island. By the time of European contact (A.D. 1778–79), the Hawaiian population probably numbered in excess of half a million people, KPT-330 research buy and the lowland zones of all of the main islands had been transformed into thoroughly managed anthropogenic ecosystems. The four Polynesian cases summarized above—which we stress are representative of many other islands and archipelagoes throughout this vast region—share a number of features relevant to the issue of Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dating the Holocene/Anthropocene transition. The timing of human arrival ranges from ca. 880–896 B.C in Tonga to as late as A.D. 1280 for New Zealand. But in each case, anthropogenic modifications of the environment begin
soon after colonization, and are detectable in: (1) changes in pollen spectra and increased charcoal deposition in swamps and lakes; (2) the presence of Polynesian introduced taxa, especially the Pacific rat; (3) increased rates of erosion and sedimentation; and (4) extirpation or extinction of endemic and indigenous fauna, such as birds and land snails. If a criterion for recognition of the Anthropocene is that it should be detectable in the stratigraphic and paleontological (or zooarchaeological) records, then the lesson from Polynesia is that the arrival of humans and the onset of the Anthropocene are effectively coeval. Compared to other island groups, few archeological studies have investigated how humans affected Caribbean environments through time (Fitzpatrick and Keegan, 2007 and Fitzpatrick et al., 2008; but see Steadman et al., 1984 and Steadman et al., 2005).