19 (3 84, 8 97)) and (4 13 (1 18, 7 43)) (table 1), respectively

19 (3.84, 8.97)) and (4.13 (1.18, 7.43)) (table 1), respectively. On average, the presence of a higher NOx indicator www.selleckchem.com/products/Tubacin.html in a ward

(PM and 95% CR: 3.35 (1.89, 4.99)), benzene indicator (Ben; 31.9 (8.36, 55.85)) and IMD 2010 score (0.02 (0.01, 0.03)), were consistently associated with higher risk of heart failure morbidity. The particulates indicator (Pm; −12.93 (−20.41, −6.54)) was negatively associated with the risk of heart failure morbidity. Sulfur dioxide indicator (SO2) was not associated with heart failure morbidity. Table 1 (right panel) shows the same corresponding results for heart failure mortality. This table shows that the risk of heart failure mortality was higher in wards with a higher NOx (4.30 (1.68, 7.37)) and wards with more inhabitants over 50 years old (1.60 (0.47, 2.92)). The particulates

indicator (Pm) was negatively associated with heart failure mortality. The sulfur dioxide indicator (SO2), benzene indicator (Ben) and IMD score were not associated with heart failure mortality. The combined air pollution index (all indicators averaged together) when incorporated into a separate model combining age and social deprivation was significantly positively associated with heart failure morbidity (1.39 (0.87, 1.81)) as well as mortality (1.79 (0.85, 2.55)) across the county. In figures 3 and ​and4,4, the left-hand maps show the unadjusted estimates of posterior total residual ward means of heart failure morbidity and mortality, respectively. In figures 5 and ​and6,6, the left-hand maps show the adjusted PM after multiple adjustment for the geographical location, taking into account the autocorrelation structure in the data, the uncertainty in the ward level and all ward-level risk factors (air pollution components, age, social deprivation) for heart failure morbidity and mortality, respectively. The red colour indicates the maximum posterior mean recorded while green denotes the lowest mean. The right-hand maps in figures 3​3​–6 show the

95% posterior probability of heart failure and mortality, which indicate the statistical significance associated with the total excess risk. Black colour indicates a negative spatial effect (associated with increased risk of heart failure Entinostat and mortality), white colour a positive effect (a decreased risk) and grey colour a non-significant effect. Figure 3 Left: unadjusted total residual spatial effects of morbidity risk associated with heart failure at ward level in Warwickshire; shown are the posterior means. Right: corresponding posterior probabilities at 80% nominal level. Red coloured—high … Figure 4 Left: unadjusted total residual spatial effects of mortality risk associated with heart failure at ward level in Warwickshire; shown are the posterior means. Right: corresponding posterior probabilities at 80% nominal level. Red coloured—high …

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